TY  - RPRT
        AU  - Cools, Angela
AU  - Grooms, Jared
AU  - Karbownik, Krzysztof
AU  - O'Keefe, Siobhan
AU  - Price, Joseph
AU  - Wray, Anthony
        TI  - Birth Order in the Very Long-Run: Estimating Firstborn Premiums between 1850 and 1940
        PY  - 2024/Apr/
        PB  - Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        CY  - Bonn
        T2  - IZA Discussion Paper
        IS  - 16953
        UR  - https://www.iza.org/index.php/publications/dp16953
        AB  - The nineteenth-century American family experienced tremendous demographic, economic, and institutional changes. By using birth order effects as a proxy for family environment, and linked census data on men born between 1835 and 1910, we study how the family's role in human capital production evolved over this period. We find firstborn premiums for occupational outcomes, marriage, and fertility that are similar across census waves. Our results indicate that the returns to investments in the family environment were stable over a long period.
        KW  - birth order
KW  - parental investments
KW  - occupational outcomes
KW  - intergenerational mobility
KW  - marriage
KW  - fertility
        ER  -