TY  - RPRT
        AU  - Fredriksson, Peter
AU  - Öckert, Björn
AU  - Tilley, Lucas
        TI  - Parental and School Responses to Student Performance: Evidence from School Entry Rules
        PY  - 2024/Apr/
        PB  - Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        CY  - Bonn
        T2  - IZA Discussion Paper
        IS  - 16901
        UR  - https://www.iza.org/index.php/publications/dp16901
        AB  - We examine whether parental and school investments reinforce or compensate for student performance. Our analysis exploits school-starting-age rules in 34 countries, capturing achievement variation that arises because younger children typically underperform their older peers. Parents respond to lower performance by providing additional homework help, while schools allocate weaker students to smaller classes and offer more remedial tutoring. Notably, parents provide more support to low-performing children in nearly all countries studied. Compensatory investments increase over grade levels, suggesting parents and schools respond as information about achievement is revealed. Moreover, our evidence suggests that parental and school investments are substitutes.
        KW  - human capital investment
KW  - parental inputs
KW  - school inputs
KW  - student performance
KW  - school starting age
        ER  -