TY  - RPRT
        AU  - Jakubowski, Maciej
AU  - Gajderowicz, Tomasz
AU  - Patrinos, Harry Anthony
        TI  - COVID-19, School Closures, and Student Learning Outcomes: New Global Evidence from PISA
        PY  - 2024/Jan/
        PB  - Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        CY  - Bonn
        T2  - IZA Discussion Paper
        IS  - 16731
        UR  - https://www.iza.org/index.php/publications/dp16731
        AB  - The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in significant disruption in schooling worldwide. This paper uses global test score data to estimate learning losses. It models the effect of school closures on achievement by predicting the deviation of the most recent results from a linear trend using data from all rounds of the Programme for International Student Assessment. Scores declined by an average of 14 percent of a standard deviation, roughly equal to seven months of learning. Losses were greater for students in schools that faced relatively longer closures, boys, immigrants, and disadvantaged students. Educational losses may translate into significant national income losses over time.
        KW  - PISA
KW  - COVID-19
KW  - learning loss
KW  - student achievement
KW  - international large-scale assessments
        ER  -