%0 Report
        %A Schnabel, Claus
%A Wagner, Joachim
        %T Who Are the Workers Who Never Joined a Union? Empirical Evidence from Germany
        %D 2005
        %8 2005 Jul
        %I Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        %C Bonn
        %7 IZA Discussion Paper
        %N 1658
        %U https://www.iza.org/index.php/publications/dp1658
        %X Using representative data from the German social survey ALLBUS 2002 and the European Social Survey 2002/03, this paper provides the first empirical analysis of trade union never-membership in Germany. We show that between 54 and 59 percent of all employees in Germany have never been members of a trade union. Individuals' probability of never-membership is significantly affected by their personal characteristics (in particular age, education and status at work), their political orientation and (to a lesser degree) their family background, and by broad location. In addition, occupational and workplace characteristics play a significant role. Most important in this regard is the presence of a union at the workplace.
        %K union membership
%K never-membership
%K Germany