@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp1658,
            	author={Schnabel, Claus and Wagner, Joachim},
            	title={Who Are the Workers Who Never Joined a Union? Empirical Evidence from Germany},
            	year={2005},
	month={Jul},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={1658},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/index.php/publications/dp1658},
	abstract={Using representative data from the German social survey ALLBUS 2002 and the European Social Survey 2002/03, this paper provides the first empirical analysis of trade union never-membership in Germany. We show that between 54 and 59 percent of all employees in Germany have never been members of a trade union. Individuals' probability of never-membership is significantly affected by their personal characteristics (in particular age, education and status at work), their political orientation and (to a lesser degree) their family background, and by broad location. In addition, occupational and workplace characteristics play a significant role. Most important in this regard is the presence of a union at the workplace.},
	keywords={union membership;never-membership;Germany},
            }