@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp15431,
            	author={Celhay, Pablo and Meyer, Bruce D. and Mittag, Nikolas},
            	title={Stigma in Welfare Programs},
            	year={2022},
	month={Jul},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={15431},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/index.php/publications/dp15431},
	abstract={Stigma of welfare participation is important for policy and survey design, because it deters program take-up and increases misreporting. Stigma is also relevant to the literature on social image concerns, yet empirical evidence is scant because stigma is difficult to empirically identify. We use a novel approach to studying stigma by examining the relationship between program participation in a recipient's local network and underreporting program participation in surveys. We find a robust negative relationship and rule out explanations other than stigma. Stigma decreases when more peers engage in the stigmatized behavior and when such actions are less observable.},
	keywords={welfare stigma;program participation;social networks;social image;peer effects},
            }