TY  - RPRT
        AU  - Jetter, Michael
AU  - Mahmood, Rafat
AU  - Stadelmann, David
        TI  - Income and Terrorism: Insights from Subnational Data
        PY  - 2021/Dec/
        PB  - Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        CY  - Bonn
        T2  - IZA Discussion Paper
        IS  - 14970
        UR  - https://www.iza.org/index.php/publications/dp14970
        AB  - To better understand potential relationships between income and terrorism, we study data for 1,527 subnational regions in 75 countries between 1970 and 2014. Results consistently imply an inverted U-shape that remains robust to accounting for a comprehensive set of region-level covariates, region- and time-fixed effects, as well as estimating an array of alternative specifications. The threat of terrorism systematically rises as low-income polities become richer, peaking at an income level of about US$12,800 per capita (in constant 2005 PPP US$), but then falls consistently above that level. This pattern emerges for domestic and transnational terrorism alike. Peaks in the income-terrorism relationship differ by perpetrator ideology. Thus, alleviating poverty per se may first exacerbate terrorism, contrary to much of the proposed recipes advocated since 9/11. 
        KW  - terror group ideology
KW  - transnational terrorism
KW  - domestic terrorism
KW  - subnational terrorism
KW  - subnational income
        ER  -