@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp14970,
            	author={Jetter, Michael and Mahmood, Rafat and Stadelmann, David},
            	title={Income and Terrorism: Insights from Subnational Data},
            	year={2021},
	month={Dec},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={14970},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/index.php/publications/dp14970},
	abstract={To better understand potential relationships between income and terrorism, we study data for 1,527 subnational regions in 75 countries between 1970 and 2014. Results consistently imply an inverted U-shape that remains robust to accounting for a comprehensive set of region-level covariates, region- and time-fixed effects, as well as estimating an array of alternative specifications. The threat of terrorism systematically rises as low-income polities become richer, peaking at an income level of about US$12,800 per capita (in constant 2005 PPP US$), but then falls consistently above that level. This pattern emerges for domestic and transnational terrorism alike. Peaks in the income-terrorism relationship differ by perpetrator ideology. Thus, alleviating poverty per se may first exacerbate terrorism, contrary to much of the proposed recipes advocated since 9/11. },
	keywords={terror group ideology;transnational terrorism;domestic terrorism;subnational terrorism;subnational income},
            }