%0 Report
        %A Jakiela, Pamela
%A Ozier, Owen
        %T Gendered Language
        %D 2020
        %8 2020 Apr
        %I Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        %C Bonn
        %7 IZA Discussion Paper
        %N 13126
        %U https://www.iza.org/index.php/publications/dp13126
        %X Languages use different systems for classifying nouns. Gender languages assign nouns to distinct sex-based categories, masculine and feminine. We construct a new data set, documenting the presence or absence of grammatical gender in more than 4,000 languages which together account for more than 99% of the world's population. We find a robust negative cross-country relationship between prevalence of gender languages and women's labor force participation and educational attainment. We replicate these associations in four countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and in India, showing that educational attainment and female labor force participation are lower among those whose native languages use grammatical gender.
        %K grammatical gender
%K language
%K gender
%K linguistic determinism
%K labor force participation
%K educational attainment
%K gender gaps