TY  - RPRT
        AU  - Goda, Gopi Shah
AU  - Levy, Matthew R.
AU  - Manchester, Colleen Flaherty
AU  - Sojourner, Aaron
AU  - Tasoff, Joshua
        TI  - Who Is a Passive Saver under Opt-In and Auto-Enrollment?
        PY  - 2019/Jul/
        PB  - Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        CY  - Bonn
        T2  - IZA Discussion Paper
        IS  - 12497
        UR  - https://www.iza.org/index.php/publications/dp12497
        AB  - Defaults have been shown to have a powerful effect on retirement saving behavior yet there is limited research on who is most affected by defaults and whether this varies based on features of the choice environment. Using administrative data on employer-sponsored retirement accounts linked to survey data, we estimate the relationship between retirement saving choices and individual characteristics - long-term discounting, present bias, financial literacy, and exponential growth bias - under two distinct choice environments: an opt-in regime and an auto-enrollment regime.
Consistent with our conceptual model, we find that the determinants of following the default and contribution behavior are regime-specific. Under the opt-in regime, financial literacy plays an important role in predicting total contributions, active saving choices, and maxing out contributions in the tax-preferred account. In contrast, under the auto-enrollment regime, present bias is the most significant behavioral predictor of contribution behavior. A causal interpretation of the estimates suggests that auto-enrollment increases saving primarily among those with low financial literacy.
        KW  - present bias
KW  - exponential-growth bias
KW  - household finance
KW  - retirement saving decisions
KW  - choice architecture
KW  - defaults
KW  - financial literacy
KW  - procrastination
        ER  -