@TechReport{iza:izadps:dp12338,
            	author={Brunello, Giorgio and Kiss, David},
            	title={Math Scores in High Stakes Grades},
            	year={2019},
	month={May},
            	institution={Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)},
            	address={Bonn},
            	type={IZA Discussion Paper},
            	number={12338},
            	url={https://www.iza.org/index.php/publications/dp12338},
	abstract={We investigate whether tests taken during a high stakes grade by German primary and secondary students produce higher math scores than in lower stakes grades. We identify a high stakes grade with the final grade of primary or secondary school, because good performance in that grade can affect future opportunities. Our difference-in-differences estimates show that high stakes increase math scores on average by 0.17 to 0.23 standard deviations, a sizeable effect.  },
	keywords={(perceived) returns to education;high stakes testing;student motivation;achievement},
            }