TY  - RPRT
        AU  - Beck, Mathias
AU  - Junge, Martin
AU  - Kaiser, Ulrich
        TI  - Public Funding and Corporate Innovation
        PY  - 2017/Dec/
        PB  - Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
        CY  - Bonn
        T2  - IZA Discussion Paper
        IS  - 11196
        UR  - https://www.iza.org/index.php/publications/dp11196
        AB  - We review and condense the body of literature on the economic returns of public R&D on private R&D and find that: (i) private returns to R&D appear to be large and larger than the returns to alternative investments; (ii) private R&D and R&D subsidies are positively correlated and there is no evidence for crowding out; (iii) R&D cooperation increases private R&D; (iv) there appear to exist complementarities between alternative sources of funding; (v) the mobility of R&D workers, particularly of university scientists, is positively related to innovation; (vi) there are many university spin-offs but these are no more successful than non-university spin-offs; (vii) universities constitute important collaboration partners and (viii) clusters enhance collaboration, patents and productivity. Key problems for economic policy advice are that the identification of causal effects is problematic in most studies and that little is known about the optimal design of policy measures.
        KW  - R&D subsidies
KW  - R&D tax credits
KW  - cooperation
KW  - labor mobility
KW  - returns to R&D
KW  - university spin-offs
KW  - R&D clusters
KW  - public-private knowledge transfer
        ER  -