The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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156 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18291
Revisiting Occupational Segregation and the Valuation of Women’s Work
Hannah Liepmann, Ariane Hegewisch
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18272
Smart Skilling: Experimental Evidence on Vocational Training Design
Farzana Afridi, Tanu Gupta, Rachel Heath, Kanika Mahajan
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18241
Empowered Mothers, Empowered Generations: The Impact of Women’s Economic Rights
Esther Arenas-Arroyo, Elisabeth Wurm
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18197
'The Queen of Inventions': How Home Technology Shaped Women’s Work and Children’s Futures
Esther Arenas-Arroyo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18125
Board Gender Diversity and Workforce Composition, Compensation, and Retention for U.S. Publicly Traded Firms
Tanya Byker, Sara Malik, Elena Patel, Jason Sandvik
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17988
Gender Segregation in Childhood Friendships and the Gender-Equality Paradox
Manuel Bagues, Natalia Zinovyeva
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17857
Protection for Whom? The Political Economy of Protective Labor Laws for Women
Matthias Doepke, Hanno Foerster, Anne Hannusch, Michèle Tertilt
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17789
Beyond Hot Flashes: The Career Cost of Menopause
Sara Abrahamsson, Mara Barschkett, Martin Flatø
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17760
From Access to Wellness: Early Life Exposure to Abortion Legalization and the Next Generation’s Health
Hamid Noghanibehambari, David Slusky, Hoa Vu
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17529
Climate Shocks, Intimate Partner Violence, and the Protective Role of Climate-Resilience Projects
Amanda Guimbeau, Xinde James Ji, Nidhiya Menon
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17386
Under Pressure: Electoral Competition and Women's Representation
Pamela Campa, Perihan Saygin, Semih Tumen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17295
50 Years of Breakthroughs and Barriers: Women in Economics, Policy, and Leadership
Francine D. Blau, Lisa M. Lynch
published as 'Fifty Years of Breakthroughs and Barriers: Women in Economics, Policy, and Leadership' in: ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 2024, 711 (1), 225-244
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17277
Equal Pay for Better Health: The Health Cost of the Gender Wage Gap
Susan L. Averett, Adam Biener, Olena Ogrokhina
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17240
Gendered Language in Academic Evaluations: Evidence from the Italian University System
Matilde Casamonti, Natalia Zinovyeva
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17163
Empowerment or Indoctrination? Female Training Programs under Dictatorship
Felipe González, Mounu Prem, Cristine von Dessauer
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17063
The Gender Pay Gap at the Early Stages of Academic Careers
Iga Magda, Jacek Bieliński, Marzena Feldy, Anna Knapińska
published online in: Journal of Economic Inequality, 27 January 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17001
The Impacts of COVID-19 on Female Labor Force Participation in Iran
Hai-Anh H Dang, Djavad Salehi-Isfahani, Minh N.N. Do
forthcoming in: Middle East Development Journal, 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16950
What Works in Supporting Women-Led Businesses?
Diego Ubfal
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16793
Violence against Women and the Substitution of Help Services in Times of Lockdown: Triangulation of Three Data Sources in Germany
Cara Ebert, Janina Isabel Steinert
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2025, 232, 106879
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16668
Estimating Returns to Schooling and Experience: A History of Thought
Barry R. Chiswick
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16565
Understanding the Impacts of Paid Maternity Leave on Women's Labor Market Outcomes
Lillian Bates, Oliver Hall, Pamela Jakiela
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16433
Public Child Care and Mothers' Career Trajectories
Katrin Huber, Geske Rolvering
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16421
Rainfall Variability and Labor Allocation in Uzbekistan: The Role of Women's Empowerment
Vladimir Otrachshenko, Olga Popova, Nargiza Alimukhamedova
published in: Post-Soviet Affairs, 2024, 40 (2), 119–138
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16407
Women Workers in Essential British Metal and Chemical Industries during the Second World War and the Immediate Post-war Years
Robert A. Hart, J. Elizabeth Roberts
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16323
Women in Management and the Gender Pay Gap
Virginia Sondergeld, Katharina Wrohlich
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16069
The Women Empowering Effect of Higher Education
Ahmed Elsayed, Alina Shirshikova
published in: Journal of Development Economics, 2023, 163, 103101
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16030
Thriving in the Rain: Natural Shocks, Time Allocation, and Women's Empowerment in Bangladesh
Sveva Vitellozzi, Gianna Claudia Giannelli
published in: World Development, 2024, 181, 106684
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15886
Integrating Gender into a Labor Economics Class
Jacqueline Strenio, Yana van der Meulen Rodgers
published in: Advances in Economics Education, 2023, 2 (1), 26 - 44
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15857
Women's Education and Fertility in China
Zheyuan Zhang, Zhong Zhao
published in: China Economic Review, 2023, 78, 101936
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15842
Does Access to Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Reduce Women Household Burden? Evidence from India
Qinghe Su, Mehtabul Azam
published in: Energy Economics, 2023, 119, 106529
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15781
The Gender Pay Gap in the CEOs' Labor Market
Massimiliano Tani, Andrew Valentine, Kieran Sharpe
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15778
Counting Missing Women – A Reconciliation of the 'Flow Measure' and the 'Stock Measure'
Cara Ebert, Stephan Klasen, Sebastian Vollmer
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15766
Internet Use and Fertility Behavior among Reproductive-Age Women in China
Peng Nie, Xu Peng, Tianyuan Luo
published in: China Economic Review, 2023, 77, 101903
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15691
Gender Diversity, Labour in the Boardroom and Gender Quotas
Astrid Kunze, Katrin Scharfenkamp
substantially changed version published online as 'The Importance of Codetermination for Gender Diversity in the Boardroom' in: Industrial Relations, 16 June 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15609
Analysis of Twins
Sonia R. Bhalotra, Damian Clarke
published in: Klaus. F. Zimmermann (ed.), Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics, Springer Nature, 2023
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15567
A Field Study of Age Discrimination in the Workplace: The Importance of Gender and Race. Pay the Gap
Nick Drydakis, Anna Paraskevopoulou, Vasiliki Bozani
published in: Employee Relations, 2023, 45 (2), 304-327
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15381
Bring a Friend: Strengthening Women's Social Networks and Reproductive Autonomy in India
S Anukriti, Catalina Herrera-Almanza, Mahesh Karra
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15297
The Effect of Higher Education on Women's Obesity and Smoking: Evidence from College Openings in Turkey
Badi H. Baltagi, Alfonso Flores-Lagunes, Haci M. Karatas
published in: Economic Modelling, 2023, 123, 106-286.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15162
The Occupations of Free Women and Substitution with Enslaved Workers in the Antebellum United States
Barry R. Chiswick, RaeAnn Halenda Robinson
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15013
Gendered Impacts of COVID-19 in Developing Countries
Titan Alon, Matthias Doepke, Kristina Manysheva, Michèle Tertilt
published in: AEA Papers and Proceedings, 2022, 112, 272 - 276
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14735
Does Education Really Cause Domestic Violence? Revisiting the Turkish Data
Pelin Akyol, Murat Güray Kirdar
published as 'Compulsory Schooling Reform and Intimate Partner Violence in Turkey' in: European Economic Review, 2022, 150, 104313.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14684
Minimum Quality Regulations and the Demand for Child Care Labor
Umair Ali, Chris M. Herbst, Christos A. Makridis
published in: Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 2024, 43 (3), 660-695
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14549
Gender Norms and Women's Decision to Work: Evidence from Japan
Núria Rodríguez-Planas, Ryuichi Tanaka
published in: Review of Economics of the Household, 2022, 20, 15 - 36
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14523
Using Bank Savings Product Design for Empowering Women and Agricultural Development
Jose C. Galdo
updated version published online in: World Bank Economic Review, 29 May 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14449
Women at Work in the United States since 1860: An Analysis of Unreported Family Workers
Barry R. Chiswick, RaeAnn Halenda Robinson
published in: Explorations in Economic History, 2021, 82, 101406
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14372
Women, Violence and Work: Threat of Sexual Violence and Women's Decision to Work
Tanika Chakraborty, Nafisa Lohawala
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14267
Development Level of Hosting Areas and the Impact of Refugees on Natives' Labor Market Outcomes
Doğu Tan Aracı, Murat Demirci, Murat Güray Kirdar
published in: European Economic Review, 2022, 145, 104132.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14250
Gender, Crime and Punishment: Evidence from Women Police Stations in India
Sofia Amaral, Sonia R. Bhalotra, Nishith Prakash
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14250
Gender, Crime and Punishment: Evidence from Women Police Stations in India
Sofia Amaral, Sonia R. Bhalotra, Nishith Prakash
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14221
Using Machine Learning and Qualitative Interviews to Design a Five-Question Women's Agency Index
Seema Jayachandran, Monica Biradavolu, Jan Cooper
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