IZA Discussion Papers

published as 'Fifty Years of Breakthroughs and Barriers: Women in Economics, Policy, and Leadership' in: ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 2024, 711 (1), 225-244

IZA Discussion Paper No. 17277

Equal Pay for Better Health: The Health Cost of the Gender Wage Gap

Susan L. Averett, Adam Biener, Olena Ogrokhina

IZA Discussion Paper No. 17240

Gendered Language in Academic Evaluations: Evidence from the Italian University System

Matilde Casamonti, Natalia Zinovyeva

IZA Discussion Paper No. 17163

Empowerment or Indoctrination? Female Training Programs under Dictatorship

Felipe González, Mounu Prem, Cristine von Dessauer

IZA Discussion Paper No. 17063

The Gender Pay Gap at the Early Stages of Academic Careers

Iga Magda, Jacek Bieliński, Marzena Feldy, Anna Knapińska

published online in: Journal of Economic Inequality, 27 January 2025

IZA Discussion Paper No. 17001

The Impacts of COVID-19 on Female Labor Force Participation in Iran

Hai-Anh H Dang, Djavad Salehi-Isfahani, Minh N.N. Do

forthcoming in: Middle East Development Journal, 2025

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16950

What Works in Supporting Women-Led Businesses?

Diego Ubfal

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16793

Violence against Women and the Substitution of Help Services in Times of Lockdown: Triangulation of Three Data Sources in Germany

Cara Ebert, Janina Isabel Steinert

published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2025, 232, 106879

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16668

Estimating Returns to Schooling and Experience: A History of Thought

Barry R. Chiswick

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16565

Understanding the Impacts of Paid Maternity Leave on Women's Labor Market Outcomes

Lillian Bates, Oliver Hall, Pamela Jakiela

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16433

Public Child Care and Mothers' Career Trajectories

Katrin Huber, Geske Rolvering

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16421

Rainfall Variability and Labor Allocation in Uzbekistan: The Role of Women's Empowerment

Vladimir Otrachshenko, Olga Popova, Nargiza Alimukhamedova

published in: Post-Soviet Affairs, 2024, 40 (2), 119–138

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16407

Women Workers in Essential British Metal and Chemical Industries during the Second World War and the Immediate Post-war Years

Robert A. Hart, J. Elizabeth Roberts

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16323

Women in Management and the Gender Pay Gap

Virginia Sondergeld, Katharina Wrohlich

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16069

The Women Empowering Effect of Higher Education

Ahmed Elsayed, Alina Shirshikova

published in: Journal of Development Economics, 2023, 163, 103101

IZA Discussion Paper No. 16030

Thriving in the Rain: Natural Shocks, Time Allocation, and Women's Empowerment in Bangladesh

Sveva Vitellozzi, Gianna Claudia Giannelli

published in: World Development, 2024, 181, 106684

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15886

Integrating Gender into a Labor Economics Class

Jacqueline Strenio, Yana van der Meulen Rodgers

published in: Advances in Economics Education, 2023, 2 (1), 26 - 44

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15857

Women's Education and Fertility in China

Zheyuan Zhang, Zhong Zhao

published in: China Economic Review, 2023, 78, 101936

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15842

Does Access to Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Reduce Women Household Burden? Evidence from India

Qinghe Su, Mehtabul Azam

published in: Energy Economics, 2023, 119, 106529

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15781

The Gender Pay Gap in the CEOs' Labor Market

Massimiliano Tani, Andrew Valentine, Kieran Sharpe

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15778

Counting Missing Women – A Reconciliation of the 'Flow Measure' and the 'Stock Measure'

Cara Ebert, Stephan Klasen, Sebastian Vollmer

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15766

Internet Use and Fertility Behavior among Reproductive-Age Women in China

Peng Nie, Xu Peng, Tianyuan Luo

published in: China Economic Review, 2023, 77, 101903

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15691

Gender Diversity, Labour in the Boardroom and Gender Quotas

Astrid Kunze, Katrin Scharfenkamp

substantially changed version published online as 'The Importance of Codetermination for Gender Diversity in the Boardroom' in: Industrial Relations, 16 June 2025

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15609

Analysis of Twins

Sonia R. Bhalotra, Damian Clarke

published in: Klaus. F. Zimmermann (ed.), Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics, Springer Nature, 2023

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15567

A Field Study of Age Discrimination in the Workplace: The Importance of Gender and Race. Pay the Gap

Nick Drydakis, Anna Paraskevopoulou, Vasiliki Bozani

published in: Employee Relations, 2023, 45 (2), 304-327

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15381

Bring a Friend: Strengthening Women's Social Networks and Reproductive Autonomy in India

S Anukriti, Catalina Herrera-Almanza, Mahesh Karra

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15297

The Effect of Higher Education on Women's Obesity and Smoking: Evidence from College Openings in Turkey

Badi H. Baltagi, Alfonso Flores-Lagunes, Haci M. Karatas

published in: Economic Modelling, 2023, 123, 106-286.

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15162

The Occupations of Free Women and Substitution with Enslaved Workers in the Antebellum United States

Barry R. Chiswick, RaeAnn Halenda Robinson

IZA Discussion Paper No. 15013

Gendered Impacts of COVID-19 in Developing Countries

Titan Alon, Matthias Doepke, Kristina Manysheva, Michèle Tertilt

published in: AEA Papers and Proceedings, 2022, 112, 272 - 276

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14735

Does Education Really Cause Domestic Violence? Revisiting the Turkish Data

Pelin Akyol, Murat Güray Kirdar

published as 'Compulsory Schooling Reform and Intimate Partner Violence in Turkey' in: European Economic Review, 2022, 150, 104313.

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14684

Minimum Quality Regulations and the Demand for Child Care Labor

Umair Ali, Chris M. Herbst, Christos A. Makridis

published in: Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 2024, 43 (3), 660-695

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14549

Gender Norms and Women's Decision to Work: Evidence from Japan

Núria Rodríguez-Planas, Ryuichi Tanaka

published in: Review of Economics of the Household, 2022, 20, 15 - 36

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14523

Using Bank Savings Product Design for Empowering Women and Agricultural Development

Jose C. Galdo

updated version published online in: World Bank Economic Review, 29 May 2024

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14449

Women at Work in the United States since 1860: An Analysis of Unreported Family Workers

Barry R. Chiswick, RaeAnn Halenda Robinson

published in: Explorations in Economic History, 2021, 82, 101406

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14372

Women, Violence and Work: Threat of Sexual Violence and Women's Decision to Work

Tanika Chakraborty, Nafisa Lohawala

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14267

Development Level of Hosting Areas and the Impact of Refugees on Natives' Labor Market Outcomes

Doğu Tan Aracı, Murat Demirci, Murat Güray Kirdar

published in: European Economic Review, 2022, 145, 104132.

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14250

Gender, Crime and Punishment: Evidence from Women Police Stations in India

Sofia Amaral, Sonia R. Bhalotra, Nishith Prakash

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14250

Gender, Crime and Punishment: Evidence from Women Police Stations in India

Sofia Amaral, Sonia R. Bhalotra, Nishith Prakash

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14221

Using Machine Learning and Qualitative Interviews to Design a Five-Question Women's Agency Index

Seema Jayachandran, Monica Biradavolu, Jan Cooper

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14133

Bride Kidnapping and Labour Supply Behaviour of Married Kyrgyz Women

Reza Arabsheibani, Alma Kudebayeva, Altay Mussurov

published as 'A note on bride kidnapping and labour supply behaviour of Kyrgyz women' in: Economic Systems, 2021, 45 (4), 00885

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14099

Employment Guaranteed? Social Protection during a Pandemic

Farzana Afridi, Kanika Mahajan, Nikita Sangwan

published in: Oxford Open Economics, 2022, 1, odab003

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14068

Reexamining the Influence of Conditional Cash Transfers on Migration from a Gendered Lens: Comment

Oded Stark

published in: Demography, 2021, 58 (1), 379 - 381

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14055

Women's Employment and Natural Shocks

Eugenia Canessa, Gianna Claudia Giannelli

IZA Discussion Paper No. 14001

Does Education Really Cause Domestic Violence? Replication and Reappraisal of "For Better or For Worse? Education and the Prevalence of Domestic Violence in Turkey"

Pelin Akyol, Murat Güray Kirdar

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13985

Education and Consanguineous Marriage

Pelin Akyol, Naci Mocan

published in: Journal of Human Capital, 2023, 17 (1), 114 - 171

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13881

Mining and Gender Gaps in India

Amanda Guimbeau, Xinde James Ji, Nidhiya Menon, Yana van der Meulen Rodgers

published as 'Mining and women’s agency: Evidence on acceptance of domestic violence and shared decision-making in India' in: World Development, 2023, 162, 106135

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13573

Pension Information and Women's Awareness

Marta Angelici, Daniela Del Boca, Noemi Oggero, Paola Profeta, Mariacristina Rossi, Claudia Villosio

published in: Journal of the Economics of Ageing, 2022, 23, 100396

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13572

Obstacles to Labour Market Participation among Arab Women in Israel

Sami H. Miaari, Nabil Khattab, Maha Sabbah-Karkabi

published in: International Labour Review 2023, 162 (4), 587 - 614

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13522

Impact of Pollution from Coal on the Anemic Status of Children and Women: Evidence from India

Gaurav Datt, Pushkar Maitra, Nidhiya Menon, Ranjan Ray, Sagnik Dey, Sourangsu Chowdhury

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13477

Women in Economics: A UK Perspective

Danula K. Gamage, Almudena Sevilla, Sarah Smith

published in: Oxford Review of Economic Policy 2020, 36 (4), 962 - 982

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13424

Women at Work in the Pre-Civil War United States: An Analysis of Unreported Family Workers

Barry R. Chiswick, RaeAnn Halenda Robinson

published as 'Women at work in the United States since 1860: An analysis of unreported family workers' in: Explorations in Economic History, 2021, 82, 101406

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13275

Do Generous Parental Leave Policies Help Top Female Earners?

Gozde Corekcioglu, Marco Francesconi, Astrid Kunze

published in: Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 2020, 36(4), 882-902

IZA Discussion Paper No. 13105

Ancestral Norms, Legal Origins, and Female Empowerment

Abel Brodeur, Marie Christelle Mabeu, Roland Pongou

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12814

Childcare and Maternal Employment: Evidence from Vietnam

Hai-Anh H Dang, Masako Hiraga, Cuong Viet Nguyen

published in: World Development, 2022, 159, 106022

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12718

Having It All, for All: Child-Care Subsidies and Income Distribution Reconciled

Francesca Barigozzi, Helmuth Cremer, Kerstin Roeder

published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2020, 176, 188--211

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12666

What Determines Women's Labor Supply? The Role of Home Productivity and Social Norms

Farzana Afridi, Monisankar Bishnu, Kanika Mahajan

published in: Journal of Demographic Economics, 2024, 90 (1), 55 - 87

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12471

On the Malleability of Implicit Attitudes Towards Women Empowerment: Evidence from Tunisia

Eleonora Nillesen, Michael Grimm, Micheline Goedhuys, Ann-Kristin Reitmann, Aline Meysonnat

published in: World Development, 2021, 138, 105263

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12403

The Gender Gap in Informal Child Care: Theory and Some Evidence from Italy

Francesca Barigozzi, Helmuth Cremer, Chiara Monfardini

published in: Economia Italiana, 2019, 3, 66-98.

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12265

Population Aging, Age Discrimination, and Age Discrimination Protections at the 50th Anniversary of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act

Patrick Button

published in: Czaja, S. J.; Sharit, J. and J. James (eds.), Current and Emerging Trends in Aging and Work, Springer: New York, 2020

IZA Discussion Paper No. 12162

Does Child Labor Lead to Vulnerable Employment in Adulthood? Evidence for Tanzania

Sara Burrone, Gianna Claudia Giannelli

published in: Journal of Development Studies, 2020, 56 (12), 2235-2250

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11821

Globalisation and the Gender Earnings Gap: Evidence from Sri Lanka and Cambodia 1992-2015

Raymond Robertson, Gladys Lopez-Acevedo, Yevgeniya Savchenko

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11742

Twin Birth and Maternal Condition

Sonia R. Bhalotra, Damian Clarke

published in: Review of Economics and Statistics, 2019, 101 (5), 853-864

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11716

Fertility and Labor Market Responses to Reductions in Mortality

Sonia R. Bhalotra, Atheendar Venkataramani, Selma Walther

published as 'Women’s Fertility and Labor Market Responses to a Health Innovation' in: Journal of the European Economic Association, 2023, 21 (4), 1595–1646,

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11596

Women Legislators and Economic Performance

Thushyanthan Baskaran, Sonia R. Bhalotra, Brian Min, Yogesh Uppal

revised version published in: Journal of Economic Growth, 2024, 29, 151–214

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11590

Maternal Mortality and Women's Political Participation

Sonia R. Bhalotra, Damian Clarke, Joseph Gomes, Atheendar Venkataramani

published in: Journal of the European Economic Association, 2023, 21 (5), 2172–2208

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11282

Women and Migration

Francisca M. Antman

published in: Susan L. Averett, Laura M. Argys, and Saul D. Hoffman (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy, New York: Oxford University Press, 2018, 731-747

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11274

Intimate Partner Violence and the Business Cycle

Sonia R. Bhalotra, Uma Kambhampati, Samantha Rawlings, Zahra Siddique

published as 'Intimate Partner Violence: The influence of job opportunities for men and women' in: World Bank Economic Review, 2021, 35 (2), 461–479

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11262

Women's Empowerment, the Gender Gap in Desired Fertility, and Fertility Outcomes in Developing Countries

Matthias Doepke, Michèle Tertilt

published in: AEA Papers and Proceedings, 2018, 108, 358–362

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11240

Empowering Women under Social Constraints: Evidence from a Field Intervention in Rural Egypt

Ahmed Elsayed, Rania Roushdy

published as 'Empowering women in conservative settings: evidence from an intervention in rural Egypt' in: Review of Economics of the Household, 2022, 20, 1287–1322

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11238

Birth and Employment Transitions of Women in Turkey: Conflicting or Compatible Roles?

Ayse Abbasoglu Ozgoren, Banu Ergöçmen, Aysit Tansel

published as "Birth and Employment Transitions of Women in Turkey: The Emergence of Role Incompatibility' in: Demographic Research, 2018, 39(46), 1241-1290

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11187

Maternal Depression, Women's Empowerment, and Parental Investment: Evidence from a Large Randomized Control Trial

Victoria Baranov, Sonia R. Bhalotra, Pietro Biroli, Joanna Maselko

published in: American Economic Review, 2020, 110 (3), 824-859

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11057

Has the Push for Equal Gender Representation Changed the Role of Women on German Supervisory Boards?

Viktor Bozhinov, Christopher Koch, Thorsten Schank

published in: Schmalenbach Business Review, 2019, 71(3), 385-411

IZA Discussion Paper No. 11004

Indirect Inference with Importance Sampling: An Application to Women's Wage Growth

Robert M. Sauer, Christopher Taber

published as 'Understanding women's wage growth using indirect inference with importance sampling' in: Journal of Applied Econometrics, 2021, 36 (4), 453 - 473

IZA Discussion Paper No. 10957

Inclusive Recruitment? Hiring Discrimination against Older Workers

Nick Drydakis, Peter MacDonald, Vasiliki Bozani, Vangelis Chiotis

published in: Arenas, A., Di Marco, D., Munduate, L., Euwema, M.C. (Eds.), Shaping Inclusive Workplaces through Social Dialogue, New York: Springer Publishing, 2017, 87-102

IZA Discussion Paper No. 10934

Stigma of Sexual Violence and Women's Decision to Work

Tanika Chakraborty, Anirban Mukherjee, Swapnika Reddy Rachapalli, Sarani Saha

published in: World Development, 2018, 103, 226 - 238

IZA Discussion Paper No. 10916

Minimum Wages and the Health of Hispanic Women

Susan L. Averett, Julie K. Smith, Yang Wang

IZA Discussion Paper No. 10739

Parental Work Hours and Childhood Obesity: Evidence Using Instrumental Variables Related to Sibling School Eligibility

Charles Courtemanche, Rusty Tchernis, Xilin Zhou

published as 'Maternal Work Hours and Childhood Obesity: Evidence Using Instrumental Variables Related to Sibling School Eligibility' in: Journal of Human Capital, 2019, 13 (4), 553 - 584

IZA Discussion Paper No. 10614

Women's Homelessness: International Evidence on Causes, Consequences, Coping and Policies

Guy Johnson, David C. Ribar, Anna Zhu

published in: in Susan Averett, Laura Argys and Saul Hoffman (eds.), Oxford Handbook on the Economics of Women and the Economy, New York, Oxford University Press, 2018.

IZA Discussion Paper No. 10502

Women's Career Choices, Social Norms and Child Care Policies

Francesca Barigozzi, Helmuth Cremer, Kerstin Roeder

published in: Journal of Public Economics, 2018, 168, 162–173

IZA Discussion Paper No. 10502

Women's Career Choices, Social Norms and Child Care Policies

Francesca Barigozzi, Helmuth Cremer, Kerstin Roeder

published in: Journal of Public Economics, 2018, 168, 162–173

IZA Discussion Paper No. 10501

Women's Economic Capacity and Children's Human Capital Accumulation

Jacobus de Hoop, Patrick Premand, Furio C. Rosati, Renos Vakis

IZA Discussion Paper No. 10384