The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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290 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17560
Not Just for Kids: Child and Dependent Care Credit Benefits for Adult Care
Gabrielle Pepin, Yulya Truskinovsky
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17558
Gender Inequality in the Labor Market: Continuing Progress?
Francine D. Blau
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17434
Gender Differences in Preferences for Flexible Work Hours: Experimental Evidence from an Online Freelancing Platform
Rakesh Banerjee, Tushar Bharati, Adnan Fakir, Yiwei Qian, Naveen Sunder
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17429
Can Children's Education Enhance Formal Female Labor Force Participation?
Gustavo J. Canavire Bacarreza, Gunnar Poppe Yanez
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17368
The Demand-Side Story: Structural Change and the Decline in Female Labour Force Participation in India
Ashwini Deshpande, Jitendra Singh
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17307
Does Migrants' Consumption of Cultural Goods Impact on Their Economic Integration? Disclosing the Culture-to-Market Pathway
Salvatore Carrozzo, Elisabetta Lodigiani, Alessandra Venturini
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17250
The Cultural Role of Rice Cultivation in Female Workforce Participation in India
Gautam Hazarika
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17238
The Effects of Child Care Subsidies on Paid Child Care Participation and Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from the Child and Dependent Care Credit
Gabrielle Pepin
forthcoming in: ILR Review, 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17219
Closing the Gender Gap: Promoting Labour Market Participation
Jorgen M. Harris, Eleonora Patacchini
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17163
Empowerment or Indoctrination? Female Training Programs under Dictatorship
Felipe González, Mounu Prem, Cristine von Dessauer
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17106
Employment Booms and Infant Health: Evidence from the Ready-Made Garment Sector in Bangladesh
Mahima Vasishth
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17103
Gender Gaps across the Spectrum of Development: Local Talent and Firm Productivity
Nava Ashraf, Oriana Bandiera, Virginia Minni, Víctor Quintas-Martínez
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17005
The Demise of Works Councils in Germany
Susanne Kohaut, Claus Schnabel
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17001
The Impacts of COVID-19 on Female Labor Force Participation in Iran
Hai-Anh H Dang, Djavad Salehi-Isfahani, Minh N.N. Do
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16973
The Economic Consequences of Being Widowed by War: A Life-Cycle Perspective
Sebastian Till Braun, Jan Stuhler
published in: Journal of Public Economics, 2024, 239, 16973
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16878
Life-Cycle Worker Flows and Cross-Country Differences in Aggregate Employment
Jonathan Créchet, Etienne Lalé, Linas Tarasonis
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16722
Assessing Labor Market Conditions in Canada with Public-Use Microdata
Etienne Lalé
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16624
Can Workforce Development Help Us Reach Full Employment?
Harry J. Holzer
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16565
Understanding the Impacts of Paid Maternity Leave on Women's Labor Market Outcomes
Lillian Bates, Oliver Hall, Pamela Jakiela
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16539
Educate Some to Represent Many? Education and Female Political Representation in Europe
Luna Bellani, Marisa Hidalgo-Hidalgo
revised version forthcoming as 'Bridging the Gender Gap: Women’s Education and Political Representation' in: Economics of Education Review, 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16246
Proud to Not Own Stocks: How Identity Shapes Financial Decisions
Luca Henkel, Christian Zimpelmann
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16148
Husbands' Wages and Married Women's Labor Supply in Urban China
Mengbing Zhu, Yi Li, Chunbing Xing
published in: China Economic Review, 2023, 82, 102609.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16136
Women's Transitions in the Labour Market as a Result of Childbearing: The Challenges of Formal Sector Employment in Indonesia
Lisa A. Cameron, Diana Contreras Suarez, Yi-Ping Tseng
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16039
Pension Reforms and Couples' Labour Supply Decisions
Hamed Markazi Moghadam, Patrick A. Puhani, Joanna Tyrowicz
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16006
Social Norms and Female Labor Force Participation in Bangladesh: The Role of Social Expectations and Reference Networks
Luna Bellani, Kumar Biswas, Sebastian Fehrler, Paul Marx, Shwetlena Sabarwal, Syed Rashed Al-Zayed Josh
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15879
Works Councils and Workers' Party Preferences in Germany
Uwe Jirjahn, Thi Xuan Thu Le
revised version published in: British Journal of Industrial Relations, 2024, 62 (4), 849 - 877
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15847
Towing Norms through the American Dream
Pavel Jelnov
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15829
Disparate Racial Impacts of Shelby County v. Holder on Voter Turnout
Stephen B. Billings, Noah Braun, Daniel Jones, Ying Shi
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15789
Culture and the Labor Supply of Female Immigrants
Julia Bredtmann, Sebastian Otten
published in: Economic Inquiry, 2023, 61 (2), 282-300
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15644
Long Social Distancing
José María Barrero, Nicholas Bloom, Steven J. Davis
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15639
Women's Careers and Family Formation
Sonia R. Bhalotra, Damian Clarke, Selma Walther
published in: Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics, Springer Nature, 2023
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15431
Stigma in Welfare Programs
Pablo Celhay, Bruce D. Meyer, Nikolas Mittag
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15419
Technological Progress, Occupational Structure and Gender Gaps in the German Labour Market
Ronald Bachmann, Myrielle Gonschor
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15390
Combining Survey and Geospatial Data Can Significantly Improve Gender-Disaggregated Estimates of Labor Market Outcomes
Joshua D. Merfeld, David Newhouse, Michael Weber, Partha Lahiri
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15366
Off to a Bad Start: Youth Nonemployment and Labor Market Outcomes Later in Life
Mattia Filomena, Isabella Giorgetti, Matteo Picchio
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15312
The Labour Supply of Mothers
Hélène Turon
published in: Klaus F. Zimmermann (ed.), Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics, Springer, 2023
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15258
The Distribution of the Gender Wage Gap: An Equilibrium Model
Sonia R. Bhalotra, Manuel Fernandez Sierra, Fan Wang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15245
Microeconomic Determinants of Domestic Tourism Expenditure in India
Mehtabul Azam
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15162
The Occupations of Free Women and Substitution with Enslaved Workers in the Antebellum United States
Barry R. Chiswick, RaeAnn Halenda Robinson
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15058
Universal Basic Income: Inspecting the Mechanisms
Nir Jaimovich, Itay Saporta-Eksten, Ofer Setty, Yaniv Yedid-Levi
published online in: Review of Economics and Statistics, 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15029
Women in Paid Employment: A Role for Public Policies and Social Norms in Guatemala
Rita K. Almeida, Mariana Viollaz
published in: Oxford Development Studies, 2023, 51 (3), 252-279
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14908
Reforms of an Early Retirement Pathway in Germany and Their Labor Market Effects
Regina T. Riphahn, Rebecca Schrader
published in: Journal of Pension Economics and Finance, 2023, 22(3), 304-330.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14870
Time, Income and Subjective Well-Being - 20 Years of Interdependent Multidimensional Polarization in Germany
Joachim Merz, Bettina Scherg
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14769
Religious Practice and Student Performance: Evidence from Ramadan Fasting
Erik Hornung, Guido Schwerdt, Maurizio Strazzeri
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2023, 205, 100-119
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14749
The Happy Cultural Omnivore? Exploring the Relationship between Cultural Consumption Patterns and Subjective Well-Being
Enrico Bertacchini, Valentina Bolognesi, Alessandra Venturini, Roberto Zotti
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14720
Mobile Broadband Internet, Poverty and Labor Outcomes in Tanzania
Kalvin Bahia, Pau Castells, Genaro Cruz, Takaaki Masaki, Carlos Rodriguez Castelan, Viviane Sanfelice
published in: World Bank Economic Review, 2023, 37 (2), 235–256
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14711
COVID-19 and the Employment Gender Gap
Taiyo Fukai, Masato Ikeda, Daiji Kawaguchi, Shintaro Yamaguchi
published as 'COVID-19 and the employment gender gap in Japan' in: Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, 2023, 68, 101256.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14694
Complementarity in Employee Participation Systems: International Evidence
Gabriel Burdin, Takao Kato
revised version published as 'Complementarity in Employee Participation Systems' in: Zimmermann K. (ed.) Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics. Springer Nature, 2022
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14639
Dropping Out, Being Pushed Out or Can’t Get in? Decoding Declining Labour Force Participation of Indian Women
Ashwini Deshpande, Jitendra Singh
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14564
Do State Snap Policies Influence Program Participation among Seniors?
Jordan Jones, Charles Courtemanche, Augustine Denteh, James Marton, Rusty Tchernis
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14449
Women at Work in the United States since 1860: An Analysis of Unreported Family Workers
Barry R. Chiswick, RaeAnn Halenda Robinson
published in: Explorations in Economic History, 2021, 82, 101406
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14218
Trends and Determinants of Female Labor Force Participation in Morocco: An Initial Exploratory Analysis
Gladys Lopez-Acevedo, Florencia Devoto, Matias Morales, Jaime Alfonso Roche Rodriguez
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14198
Income Changes Do Not Influence Political Participation: Evidence from Comparative Panel Data
Sebastian Jungkunz, Paul Marx
published as 'Income changes do not influence political involvement in panel data from six countries' in: European Journal of Political Research, 2022, 61 (3), 829-841
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14186
Gender Gaps in Latin American Labor Markets: Implications from an Estimated Search Model
Mauricio Tejada, Claudia Piras, Luca Flabbi, Monserrat Bustelo
published in: Annals of Economics and Statistics, 2021, 142, 2021, 111-178
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14165
The Economic Status of People with Disabilities and Their Families since the Great Recession
Leila Bengali, Mary C. Daly, Olivia Lofton, Robert G. Valletta
published in: Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 2021, 695 (1), 123 - 142
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14159
The Consequences of Hosting Asylum Seekers for Citizens' Policy Preferences
Severin Zimmermann, Alois Stutzer
revised version published in: European Journal of Political Economy, 2022, 73, 102130
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14017
The Recovery from the Great Recession: A Long, Evolving Expansion
Jay C. Shambaugh, Michael R. Strain
published in: Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 2021, 695 (1), 24 - 28
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13954
Revisiting the Causal Effect of Education on Political Participation and Interest
Nadja Bömmel, Guido Heineck
substantially revised version published in: Education Economics, 2023, 31 (6), 664-682
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13944
Long-Lasting Effects of Communist Indoctrination in School: Evidence from Poland
Joan Costa-Font, Jorge Garcia-Hombrados, Anna Nicińska
published in: European Economic Review, 2024, 161, 104641
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13814
Female Labor Force Participation in Five Selected Mena Countries: An Age-Period-Cohort Analysis (Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Palestine and Tunisia)
Moundir Lassassi, Aysit Tansel
substantially revised version published as 'Female Labor Force Participation in Egypt and Palestine: An Age-Period- Cohort Analysis' in: Review of Development Economics, 2022, 26 (4), 1997-2020.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13728
English Skills and Early Labour Market Integration of Humanitarian Migrants
Zhiming Cheng, Ben Zhe Wang, Zhou Jiang, Lucy Taksa, Massimiliano Tani
published online as 'English skills and early labour market integration: Evidence from humanitarian migrants in Australia' in: International Migration, 19 June 2021,
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13687
The Weight of Patriarchy? Gender Obesity Gaps in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA)
Joan Costa-Font, Mario Gyori
published in: Social Science and Medicine, 220, 266, 113353
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13687
The Weight of Patriarchy? Gender Obesity Gaps in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA)
Joan Costa-Font, Mario Gyori
published in: Social Science and Medicine, 220, 266, 113353
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13572
Obstacles to Labour Market Participation among Arab Women in Israel
Sami H. Miaari, Nabil Khattab, Maha Sabbah-Karkabi
published in: International Labour Review 2023, 162 (4), 587 - 614
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13533
The Intergenerational Transmission of Gender Role Attitudes: Evidence from Immigrant Mothers-In-Law
Julia Bredtmann, Lisa Sofie Höckel, Sebastian Otten
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2020, 179, 101-115
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13476
Enfranchisement, Political Participation and Political Competition: Evidence from Colonial India
Guilhem Cassan, Lakshmi Iyer, Rinchan Ali Mirza
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13425
Labour Force Participation and Job Polarization: Evidence from Europe during the Great Recession
Gregory Verdugo, Guillaume Allègre
published in: Labour Economics, 2020, 66, 101881
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13424
Women at Work in the Pre-Civil War United States: An Analysis of Unreported Family Workers
Barry R. Chiswick, RaeAnn Halenda Robinson
published as 'Women at work in the United States since 1860: An analysis of unreported family workers' in: Explorations in Economic History, 2021, 82, 101406
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13404
Changes in Female Employment in Mexico: Demographics, Economics, and Policies
Gladys Lopez-Acevedo, Samuel Freije-Rodriguez, Mexico Alberto Vergara Bahena, Diego Cardozo Medeiros
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13382
Marginal College Wage Premiums under Selection into Employment
Matthias Westphal, Daniel A. Kamhöfer, Hendrik Schmitz
published in: Economic Journal, 2022, 132 (646), 2231 - 2272
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13289
A Short History of the Gender Wage Gap in Britain
Alex Bryson, Heather Joshi, Bożena Wielgoszewska, David Wilkinson
published in: Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 2020, 36 (4), 836-854
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13288
Understanding the Rising Trend in Female Labour Force Participation
Nicolas Herault, Guyonne Kalb
published in: Fiscal Studies, 2022, 43 (4), 341-363.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13239
The Accumulation of Human and Market Capital in the United States: The Long View, 1948–2013
Barbara M. Fraumeni, Michael S. Christian, Jon D. Samuels
published in: Barbara M. Fraumeni (Ed.), Human Capital Measurement, Academic Press, 2021, 167 - 197
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13238
Towards Economic Democracy and Social Justice: Profit Sharing, Co-Determination, and Employee Ownership
Felix FitzRoy, Michael A. Nolan
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13126
Gendered Language
Pamela Jakiela, Owen Ozier
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12956
Analyzing Female Employment Trends in South Asia
Fatima Najeeb, Matias Morales, Gladys Lopez-Acevedo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12955
The Relationship between Female Labor Force Participation and Violent Conflicts in South Asia
Raymond Robertson, Gladys Lopez-Acevedo, Matias Morales
published in: Contemporary South Asia, 2023, 31 (3), 371 - 389
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12913
The Macroeconomics of Automation: Data, Theory, and Policy Analysis
Nir Jaimovich, Itay Saporta-Eksten, Henry E. Siu, Yaniv Yedid-Levi
published in: Journal of Monetary Economics, 2021, 122, 1-16
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12854
Drivers of Cultural Participation of Immigrants: Evidence from an Italian Survey
Enrico Bertacchini, Alessandra Venturini, Roberto Zotti
published in: Journal of Cultural Economics, 2022, 46, 57 - 100
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12844
Female Labor Force Participation in Turkey: A Synthetic Cohort (Panel) Analysis, 1988-2013
Insan Tunali, Murat Güray Kirdar, Meltem Dayioglu-Tayfur
published as 'Down and up the 'U' - A synthetic cohort (panel) analysis of female labor force participation in Turkey, 1988-2013' in: World Development, 2021, 146, 105609
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12844
Female Labor Force Participation in Turkey: A Synthetic Cohort (Panel) Analysis, 1988-2013
Insan Tunali, Murat Güray Kirdar, Meltem Dayioglu-Tayfur
published as 'Down and up the 'U' - A synthetic cohort (panel) analysis of female labor force participation in Turkey, 1988-2013' in: World Development, 2021, 146, 105609
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12826
Is 'First in Family' a Good Indicator for Widening University Participation?
Anna Adamecz, Morag Henderson, Nikki Shure
published in: Economics of Education Review, 2020, 78, 102038.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12702
You’re the One That I Want! Public Employment and Women’s Labor Market Outcomes
Pedro Maia Gomes, Zoë Kuehn
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12620
The Role of Culture on Female Labor Supply: Evidence from Turkey
Pelin Akyol, Cagla Okten
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12588
'First in Family' University Graduates in England
Morag Henderson, Nikki Shure, Anna Adamecz
published in: Oxford Review of Education, 2020, 46 (6), 734-751
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12585
Cost-Effective Public Daycare in a Low-Income Economy Benefits Children and Mothers
Andrés Hojman, Florencia López Bóo
published as 'Public childcare benefits children and mothers: Evidence from a nationwide experiment in a developing country' in: Journal of Public Economics, 2022, 212, 104686
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12341
Early Health, Risk Aversion and Stock Market Participation
Petri Böckerman, Andrew Conlin, Rauli Svento
published in: Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, 2021, 32, 100568
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12137
The Short-Run Effects of the Minimum Wage on Employment and Labor Market Participation: Evidence from an Individual-Level Panel
Ernest Boffy-Ramirez
published in: Applied Economics, 2022, 54 (35), 4043 - 4059
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12067
What Drives Female Labor Force Participation? Comparable Micro-Level Evidence from Eight Developing and Emerging Economies
Stephan Klasen, Janneke Pieters, Manuel Santos Silva, Le Thi Ngoc Tu
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11931
Institutional Reforms and an Incredible Rise in Old Age Employment
Regina T. Riphahn, Rebecca Schrader
published as 'Institutional Reforms of 2006 and the Dramatic Rise in Old-Age Employment in Germany' in: ILR Review, 2020, 73 (5), 1185-1225.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11822
Can Economic Pressure Overcome Social Norms? The Case of Female Labor Force Participation
Ana Rute Cardoso, Louis-Philippe Morin
published online as 'War-driven permanent emigration, sex ratios, and female labor force participation' in: Journal of Human Resources, October 2023
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11777
Migration, Political Institutions, and Social Networks
Catia Batista, Julia Seither, Pedro C. Vicente
published in: World Development, 2019, 117, 328-343
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11716
Fertility and Labor Market Responses to Reductions in Mortality
Sonia R. Bhalotra, Atheendar Venkataramani, Selma Walther
published as 'Women’s Fertility and Labor Market Responses to a Health Innovation' in: Journal of the European Economic Association, 2023, 21 (4), 1595–1646,
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11652
The Effects of Large Universal Child Benefits on Female Labour Supply
Iga Magda, Aneta Kiełczewska, Nicola Brandt
published in: IZA Journal of Labor Policy, 2020, 10-17
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11640
The Distribution of the Gender Wage Gap
Sonia R. Bhalotra, Manuel Fernandez Sierra
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11638
Twins, Family Size, and Female Labor Force Participation in Iran
Mahdi Majbouri
published in: Applied Economics, 2019, 51 (4), 387-397
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11634
The Role of Hours Changes for the Increase in German Earnings Inequality
Martin Biewen, Daniela Plötze
revised version published in: Journal of Economics and Statistics, 2019, 239, 1-28
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11557
State Merit Aid Programs and Youth Labor Market Attachment
David E. Frisvold, Melinda Pitts
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11506
What Do Workers Want? The Shortfall in Employee Participation at the European Workplace
John T. Addison, Paulino Teixeira
revised version published as 'What Do Workers Want? The Representation Gap at the EU Establishment as Perceived by Their Workplace Representatives' in: Research in Labor Economics, 2020, 49, 1-39
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11442
The Fall in German Unemployment: A Flow Analysis
Carlos Carrillo-Tudela, Andrey Launov, Jean-Marc Robin
published in: European Economic Review, 2021, 132, 103658
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