The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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35 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17995
Chances or Choices? How We Think Parenthood Shapes Our Own and Others’ Careers
Morien El Haj, Axana Dalle, Elsy Verhofstadt, Luc Van Ootegem, Stijn Baert
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17603
Motherhood on Campus: Timing Childbirth during University Studies
Nicoline Josephine Bach, Astrid Würtz Rasmussen, Nina Smith
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17574
Beliefs on Children's Human Capital Formation and Mothers at Work
Césarine Boinet, Jonathan Norris, Agnese Romiti, Zhan Shi, Paul Telemo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17473
Subsidized Small Jobs and Maternal Labor Market Outcomes in the Long Run
Matthias Collischon, Kamila Cygan-Rehm, Regina T. Riphahn
published online in: Socio-Economic Review, 28 February 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17419
Income and Fertility of Female College Graduates in the United States
Zhengyu Cai, John V. Winters
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17334
The Motherhood Penalty: Gender Norms, Occupational Sorting, and Labor Supply
Césarine Boinet, Jonathan Norris, Agnese Romiti
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17235
Intersectional Analysis of the Labour Market Impacts of COVID: The Triple-Whammy of Females, Children, and Lower Skill
Tony Fang, Morley Gunderson, Viet Hoang Ha, Hui Ming
published online as 'Intersectional analysis of the labour market impacts of COVID on women with young children and in low-skilled jobs' in: International Journal of Manpower, 19 September 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17129
Motherhood and Domestic Violence: A Longitudinal Study Using Population-Wide Administrative Data
Sanna Bergvall, Núria Rodríguez-Planas
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16459
The Parenthood Penalty in Mental Health: Evidence from Austria and Denmark
Alexander Ahammer, Ulrich Glogowsky, Martin Halla, Timo Hener
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16158
Neighbourhood Gangs, Crime Spillovers, and Teenage Motherhood
Christian Dustmann, Mikkel Mertz, Anna Okatenko
published in: Economic Journal, 2023, 133 (653), 1901–1936
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15261
Diving in the Minds of Recruiters: What Triggers Gender Stereotypes in Hiring?
Hannah Van Borm, Stijn Baert
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14902
The Fertility Effects of School Entry Decisions
Rebecca Kamb, Marcus Tamm
published in: Applied Economics Letters, 2023, 30 (8), 1145-1149
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14898
Gender Norms and the Motherhood Employment Gap
Simone Moriconi, Núria Rodríguez-Planas
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14898
Gender Norms and the Motherhood Employment Gap
Simone Moriconi, Núria Rodríguez-Planas
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14841
Motherhood, Pregnancy or Marriage Effects?
Inés Berniell, Lucila Berniell, Dolores De la Mata, María Edo, Yarine Fawaz, Matilde P. Machado, Mariana Marchionni
published in: Economics Letters, 2022, 214, 110462
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14811
The Evolving Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Gender Inequality in the U.S. Labor Market: The COVID Motherhood Penalty
Kenneth A. Couch, Robert W. Fairlie, Huanan Xu
published in: Economic Inquiry, 2022, 60 (2), 485 - 507
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14752
Two Decades of Welfare Reforms in Australia: How Did They Affect Single Mothers and Their Children?
Alexandra de Gendre, Stefanie Schurer, Angela Zhang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14491
Motherhood and the Allocation of Talent
Inés Berniell, Lucila Berniell, Dolores De la Mata, María Edo, Yarine Fawaz, Matilde P. Machado, Mariana Marchionni
published online in: Applied Economics, 9 October 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14046
Teenage Mother's Health across Different Life Stages
Guyonne Kalb, Ha Vu
published in: Economic Record, 2022, 98 (321), 191-213.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12489
Maternal Age and Offspring Human Capital in India
Marcello Perez-Alvarez, Marta Favara
published in: Journal Population Econonmics, 2023, 36, 1573–1606
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12147
Motherhood, Migration, and Self-Employment of College Graduates
Zhengyu Cai, Heather M. Stephens, John V. Winters
published in: Small Business Economics, 2019, 53 (3), 611-629
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11533
Paid Parental Leave and Families' Living Arrangements
Kamila Cygan-Rehm, Daniel Kühnle, Regina T. Riphahn
published in: Labour Economics, 2018, 53, 182 - 197
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11360
Gender Norms and the Motherhood Penalty: Experimental Evidence from India
Arjun S. Bedi, Tanmoy Majilla, Matthias Rieger
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10592
Does Single Motherhood Hurt Infant Health among Young Mothers?
Albert Young-Il Kim, Jungmin Lee
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10500
Maternity and Family Leave Policy
Maya Rossin-Slater
published in: S.L. Averett, L.M. Margys, S.D. Hoffman (eds.): Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy, Oxford, 2018
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9685
Employment Adjustments around Childbirth
Barbara Pertold-Gebicka, Filip Pertold, Nabanita Datta Gupta
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8072
The Impact of Adolescent Motherhood on Education in Chile
Matias Berthelon, Diana Kruger
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7810
Motherhood Wage Penalty in Times of Transition
Olena Y. Nizalova, Tamara Sliusarenko
published in: Journal of Comparative Economics, 2016, 44 (1), 56-75
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7767
Career Lesbians: Getting Hired for Not Having Kids?
Stijn Baert
revised version published in: Industrial Relations Journal, 2014, 45 (6), 543 - 561
IZA Discussion Paper No. 6995
The Impact of Teenage Motherhood on the Education and Fertility of their Children: Evidence for Europe
Maria Navarro Paniagua, Ian Walker
IZA Discussion Paper No. 5815
Part-Time Work, Fixed-Term Contracts, and the Returns to Experience
Daniel Fernández-Kranz, Marie Elina Paul, Núria Rodríguez-Planas
substantially revised version published in: Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 2015, 77 (4), 512 - 541
IZA Discussion Paper No. 4553
Delaying the Bell: The Effects of Longer School Days on Adolescent Motherhood in Chile
Diana Kruger, Matias Berthelon
published as "Risky behavior among youth: Incapacitation effects of school on adolescent motherhood and crime in Chile" in: Journal of Public Economics, 2011, 95 (1-2), 41-53
IZA Discussion Paper No. 4552
Adolescent Motherhood and Secondary Schooling in Chile
Diana Kruger, Matias Berthelon, Rodrigo Navia
IZA Discussion Paper No. 3662
New Evidence on the Motherhood Wage Gap
Catalina Amuedo-Dorantes, Jean Kimmel
IZA Discussion Paper No. 3574
The Motherhood Wage Penalty in a Mediterranean Country: The Case of Spain
José Alberto Molina, Víctor M. Montuenga
published as 'The Motherhood Wage Penalty in Spain' in: Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 2009, 30 (3), 237-251
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