The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising over 13,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics. 

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622 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14154
The Rise and Fall of German Innovation
Wim Naudé, Paula Nagler
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14105
Unemployment Insurance as a Worker Indiscipline Device? Evidence from Scanner Data
Lester Lusher, Geoffrey Schnorr, Rebecca L.C. Taylor
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14005
Friendship Networks and Political Opinions: A Natural Experiment among Future French Politicians
Yann Algan, Nicolò Dalvit, Quoc-Anh Do, Alexis Le Chapelain, Yves Zenou
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13951
Risk Preference and Entrepreneurial Investment at the Top of the Wealth Distribution
Frank M. Fossen, Johannes König, Carsten Schröder
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13935
For Worse? Financial Hardships and Intra-Household Resource Allocation among Australian Couples
Ferdi Botha, David C. Ribar
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13897
Talking Business: New Evidence on How Language Shapes Economic Behaviour
Francesco Campo, Luca Nunziata, Lorenzo Rocco
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13875
Export-Led Growth after COVID-19: The Case of Portugal
Wim Naudé, Martin Cameron
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13860
Labor-Market Conditions and Leadership Styles
Robert Dur, Ola Kvaløy, Anja Schöttner
revised version forthcoming in: Management Science
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13854
Finance, Gender, and Entrepreneurship: India's Informal Sector Firms
Ira N. Gang, Rajesh Raj Natarajan, Kunal Sen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13835
Extreme Events, Entrepreneurial Start-Ups, and Innovation: Theoretical Conjectures
Thomas Gries, Wim Naudé
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13806
Did the Bologna Process Challenge the German Apprenticeship System? Evidence from a Natural Experiment
Stephan L. Thomsen, Johannes Trunzer
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13773
Why Are Africa's Female Entrepreneurs Not Playing the Export Game? Evidence from Ghana
Charles G. Ackah, Holger Görg, Aoife Hanley, Cecília Hornok
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13747
Do Public Subsidies of Union Membership Increase Union Membership Rates?
Erling Barth, Alex Bryson, Harald Dale-Olsen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13736
Borderline Disorder: (De Facto) Historical Ethnic Borders and Contemporary Conflict in Africa
Emilio Depetris-Chauvin, Ömer Özak
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13708
Access to Finance among Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises and Job Creation in Africa
Zuzana Brixiova, Thierry Kangoye, Urbain Thierry Yogo
published in: Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 2020, 55, 177 - 189
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13707
The Impact of COVID-19 on Small Business Owners: The First Three Months after Social-Distancing Restrictions
Robert W. Fairlie
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13667
Digital Entrepreneurship Research: A Concise Introduction
Wim Naudé, Werner Liebregts
forthcoming in: Data Science for Entrepreneurship, edited by W.J. Liebregts, W.J.A.M. van den Heuvel and J.A. van den Born, to be published by Springer.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13634
Entrepreneurship Education and Teacher Training in Rwanda
Moussa P. Blimpo, Todd Pugatch
published in: Journal of Development Economics, 2021, 149, 102583
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13616
The Economic Impacts of Direct Natural Disaster Exposure
Meliyanni Johar, David W. Johnston, Michael A. Shields, Peter Siminski, Olena Stavrunova
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13615
The Persistence of Union Membership within the Coalfields of Britain
Huw Beynon, Helen Blakely, Alex Bryson, Rhys Davies
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13510
Does the Dream of Home Ownership Rest upon Biased Beliefs? A Test Based on Predicted and Realized Life Satisfaction
Reto Odermatt, Alois Stutzer
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13465
Union Membership and Collective Bargaining: Trends and Determinants
Claus Schnabel
published in: K. F. Zimmermann (ed.), Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics, Springer, Cham, 2020
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13443
Initial Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Employment and Hours of Self-Employed Coupled and Single Workers by Gender and Parental Status
Charlene M. Kalenkoski, Sabrina Wulff Pabilonia
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13436
Entrepreneurial Recovery from COVID-19: Decentralization, Democratization, Demand, Distribution, and Demography
Wim Naudé
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13428
Timing Matters: Shifting Economic Activity and Intra-Day Variation in Ambient Ozone Concentrations
David Adler, Edson R. Severnini
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13414
The Effects of Non-Compete Agreements on Different Types of Self-Employment: Evidence from Massachusetts and Utah
Ege Can, Frank M. Fossen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13390
Does Emigration Drain Entrepreneurs?
Massimo Anelli, Gaetano Basso, Giuseppe Ippedico, Giovanni Peri
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13373
Allocating Subsidies for Private Investments to Maximize Jobs Impacts
David A. Robalino, Jose M. Romero, Ian Walker
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13368
The Effect of Business Cycle Expectations on the German Apprenticeship Market: Estimating the Impact of COVID-19
Samuel Mühlemann, Harald Pfeifer, Bernhard Wittek
published in: Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training, 2020, 12, Article 8 (2020)
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13350
The CPS Citizenship Question and Survey Refusals: Causal and Semi-Causal Evidence Featuring a Two-Stage Regression Discontinuity Design
Robert Bernhardt, Phanindra V. Wunnava
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13311
The Impact of COVID-19 on Small Business Owners: Evidence of Early-Stage Losses from the April 2020 Current Population Survey
Robert W. Fairlie
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13238
Towards Economic Democracy and Social Justice: Profit Sharing, Co-Determination, and Employee Ownership
Felix FitzRoy, Michael A. Nolan
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13236
Immigration and Work Schedules: Theory and Evidence
Timothy N. Bond, Osea Giuntella, Jakub Lonsky
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13209
Entrepreneurship among Low-, Mid- and High-Income Workers in South America: A Fuzzy-Set Analysis
Jorge Velilla, José Alberto Molina, Raquel Ortega
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13187
The Perceived Well-Being and Health Costs of Exiting Self-Employment
Milena Nikolova, Boris Nikolaev, Olga Popova
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13180
2D:4D and Self-Employment Using SOEP Data: A Replication Study
Frank M. Fossen, Levent Neyse, Magnus Johannesson, Anna Dreber Almenberg
revised version forthcoming in: Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258720985478
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13173
Tenancy by the Entirety and the Value of Wealth Insurance for Entrepreneurs
Jeffrey Traczynski
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13154
Apprenticeship and Youth Unemployment
Pierre Cahuc, Jeremy Hervelin
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13130
Exposure to Transit Migration, Public Attitudes and Entrepreneurship
Nicolas Ajzenman, Cevat Giray Aksoy, Sergei Guriev
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13061
Same-Sex Couples and the Marital Surplus: The Importance of the Legal Environment
Scott M. Delhommer, Daniel S. Hamermesh
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13061
Same-Sex Couples and the Marital Surplus: The Importance of the Legal Environment
Scott M. Delhommer, Daniel S. Hamermesh
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12975
Education-Occupation Mismatch and Social Networks for Hispanics in the US: Role of Citizenship
Kusum Mundra, Fernando Rios-Avila
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12960
The Demand for Interns
David A. Jaeger, John M. Nunley, R. Alan Seals, Jr., Eric J. Wilbrandt
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12959
Do Women Shy Away from Public Speaking? A Field Experiment
Maria De Paola, Rosetta Lombardo, Valeria Pupo, Vincenzo Scoppa
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12943
Microentrepreneurship in Developing Countries
Seema Jayachandran
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12878
Selection and Absolute Advantage in Farming and Entrepreneurship
Francisco Alvarez-Cuadrado, Francesco Amodio, Markus Poschke
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12877
Prenatal Sunshine Exposure and Birth Outcomes in China
Xin Zhang, Yixuan Wang, Xi Chen, Xun Zhang
forthcoming in: Science of the Total Environment, 2020
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12866
Is Scholarly Refereeing Productive (at the Margin)?
Aboozar Hadavand, Daniel S. Hamermesh, Wesley W. Wilson
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12856
Labour Market Outcomes for Cancer Survivors: A Review of the Reviews
Adelina Sharipova, Stijn Baert
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12848
Peer Networks and Entrepreneurship: A Pan-African RCT
Fernando Vega-Redondo, Paolo Pin, Diego Ubfal, Cristiana Benedetti-Fasil, Charles Brummitt, Gaia Rubera, Dirk Hovy, Tommaso Fornaciari
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12828
Don't Patronize Me! An Experiment on Preferences for Authorship
Silvia Lübbecke, Wendelin Schnedler
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12802
Endogenous Hours and the Wealth of Entrepreneurs
Felix Wellschmied, Emircan Yurdagul
published in: Review of Economic Dynamics, 2021, 39, 79-99
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12793
Direct and Indirect Effects of Subsidized Dual Apprenticeships
Bruno Crépon, Patrick Premand
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12784
Greater US Gun Ownership, Lethality and Murder Rates: Analysis and Policy Proposals
Maurice Schiff
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12778
The Impact of Internship Experience during Secondary Education on Schooling and Labour Market Outcomes
Brecht Neyt, Dieter Verhaest, Stijn Baert
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12777
Training, Human Capital, and Gender Gaps in Entrepreneurial Performance
Zuzana Brixiova, Thierry Kangoye, Mona Said
published in: Economic Modelling, 2020, 85, 367-380
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12771
Labor Market Frictions and Lowest Low Fertility
Nezih Guner, Ezgi Kaya, Virginia Sánchez Marcos
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12761
Former Communist Party Membership and Present-Day Entrepreneurship in Central and Eastern Europe
Artjoms Ivlevs, Milena Nikolova, Olga Popova
forthcoming in: Small Business Economics
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12742
What Makes an Employer?
Marco Caliendo, Frank M. Fossen, Alexander S. Kritikos
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12726
Female Workers, Male Managers: Gender, Leadership, and Risk-Taking
Ulf Rinne, Hendrik Sonnabend
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12707
Gender Differences in the Effect of Employee-Manager Friendships on Salary Dynamics in CPA Firms
Yossef Tobol, Ronen Bar-El, Yuval Arbel, Ofer H. Azar
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12705
The Heterogeneous Effects of Workers' Countries of Birth on Over-Education
Valentine Jacobs, Benoît Mahy, Francois Rycx, Mélanie Volral
published as 'Over-education Among Immigrants: The Role of Demographics, Time, and Firm Characteristics' in: Applied Economics, 2021, 53 (1), 61-78
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12696
Passports for Sale: The Political Economy of Conflict and Cooperation in a Meta-Club
Kai A. Konrad, Ray Rees
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12690
Catching up or Lagging Behind? The Long-Term Business and Innovation Potential of Subsidized Start-Ups out of Unemployment
Marco Caliendo, Steffen Künn, Martin Weissenberger
published in: Research Policy, 2020, 49 (10), 1-14
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12678
Three Varieties of Africa’s Industrial Future
Wim Naudé
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12669
Local Labor Demand and Participation in Social Insurance Programs
Asbjørn Goul Andersen, Simen Markussen, Knut Røed
published in: Labour Economics, 2019, 61, 101767
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12656
Making Use of Home Equity: The Potential of Housing Wealth to Enhance Retirement Security
Jorge Miguel Bravo, Mercedes Ayuso, Robert Holzmann
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12642
Not Just a Work Permit: EU Citizenship and the Consumption Behavior of Documented and Undocumented Immigrants
Effrosyni Adamopoulou, Ezgi Kaya
published in: Canadian Journal of Economics, 2020, 53, 1552-1598
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12611
Do Workers Discriminate against Female Bosses?
Martin Abel
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12607
Entrepreneurial Persistence beyond Survival: Measurement and Determinants
Marco Caliendo, Maximilian Göthner, Martin Weißenberger
published in: Journal of Small Business Management, 2020, 58 (3), 617-647.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12602
The Decline in Entrepreneurship in the West: Is Complexity Ossifying the Economy?
Wim Naudé
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12580
What Does Leadership Look like in Schools and Does It Matter for School Performance?
Lucy Stokes, Alex Bryson, David Wilkinson
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12580
What Does Leadership Look like in Schools and Does It Matter for School Performance?
Lucy Stokes, Alex Bryson, David Wilkinson
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12573
Conference Presentations and Academic Publishing
Yuriy Gorodnichenko, Tho Pham, Oleksandr Talavera
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12540
The Role of Leaders in Inducing and Maintaining Cooperation: The CC Strategy
Michael Kosfeld
forthcoming in: The Leadership Quarterly
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12516
Symbolism Matters: The Effect of Same-Sex Marriage Legalization on Partnership Stability
Shuai Chen, Jan C. van Ours
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12499
Entrepreneurship over the Business Cycle in the United States: A Decomposition
Frank M. Fossen
revised version forthcoming in: Small Business Economics, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-020-00375-3
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12479
Open Labor Markets and Firms’ Substitution between Training Apprentices and Hiring Workers
Manuel Aepli, Andreas Kuhn
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12478
Do Internships Pay Off? The Effects of Student Internships on Earnings
Shushanik Margaryan, Nils Saniter, Mathias Schumann, Thomas Siedler
forthcoming in: Journal of Human Resources
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12457
From Citizen's Rights to Civic Responsibilities
Lucas Ronconi
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12453
Gender Pay Gap Patterns in Domestic and Foreign-Owned Firms
Iga Magda, Katarzyna Salach
forthcoming in: Empirical Economics
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12453
Gender Pay Gap Patterns in Domestic and Foreign-Owned Firms
Iga Magda, Katarzyna Salach
forthcoming in: Empirical Economics
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12445
Who Gains from Active Learning in Higher Education?
Giulio Bosio, Federica Origo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12402
Did the Post-1986 Decline in the Homeownership Rate Benefit the New Zealand Labour Market? A Spatial-Econometric Exploration
William Cochrane, Jacques Poot
published in: Asia-Pacific Journal of Regional Science, 2020, 4 (1), 261-284
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12379
Labor Productivity during the Great Depression in UK Manufacturing
Robert A. Hart
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12367
Wage Employment, Unemployment and Self-Employment across Countries
Markus Poschke
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12336
Types of Institutions and Well-Being of Self-Employed and Paid Employees in Europe
Michael Fritsch, Alina Sorgner, Michael Wyrwich
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12325
The Impact of Soft-Skills Training for Entrepreneurs in Jamaica
Diego Ubfal, Irani Arraiz, Diether Beuermann, Michael Frese, Alessandro Maffioli, Daniel Verch
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12303
Do Employee Share Owners Face Too Much Financial Risk?
Douglas L. Kruse, Joseph Blasi, Dan Weltmann, Saehee Kang, Jung Ook Kim, William Castellano
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12282
Bullshitters. Who Are They and What Do We Know about Their Lives?
John Jerrim, Phil Parker, Nikki Shure
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12249
Do Party Positions Affect the Public's Policy Preferences?
Elisabeth Grewenig, Philipp Lergetporer, Katharina Werner, Ludger Woessmann
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2020, 179, 523-543
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12219
A Decline in Labor's Share with Capital Accumulation and Complementary Factor Inputs: An Application of the Morishima Elasticity of Substitution
Saumik Paul
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12183
Student Internships and Employment Opportunities after Graduation: A Field Experiment
Stijn Baert, Brecht Neyt, Thomas Siedler, Ilse Tobback, Dieter Verhaest
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12159
Local Norms Describing the Role of the State and the Private Provision of Training
Andreas Kuhn, Jürg Schweri, Stefan C. Wolter
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12141
The Past and Future of Manufacturing in Central and Eastern Europe: Ready for Industry 4.0?
Wim Naudé, Aleksander Surdej, Martin Cameron
forthcoming in: Industry 4.0 and Engineering for the Future
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12087
Estimating the Potential Effects of Adding a Citizenship Question to the 2020 Census
J. David Brown, Misty L. Heggeness, Suzanne M. Dorinski, Lawrence Warren, Moises Yi
forthcoming as 'Predicting the Effect of Adding a Citizenship Question to the 2020 Census' in: Demography, 2019, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13524-019-00803-4
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12057
Risk Aversion and Entrepreneurship: New Evidence Exploiting Exposure to Massive Earthquakes in Italy
Guido de Blasio, Maria De Paola, Samuele Poy, Vincenzo Scoppa
forthcoming in: Small Business Economics, 2021
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12035
Firm Size and Innovation in the Service Sector
David Audretsch, Marian Hafenstein, Alexander S. Kritikos, Alexander Schiersch
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11974
Women in Economics: Stalled Progress
Shelly Lundberg, Jenna Stearns
forthcoming in: Journal of Economic Perpectives
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11952
Homeownership, Labour Market Transitions and Earnings
Thierry Kamionka, Guy Lacroix
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