The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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312 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18204
Decline in Job Satisfaction and How It Relates to Investment Decisions of the Self-Employed
Jörn Block, Miriam Gnad, Alexander S. Kritikos, Caroline Stiel
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18153
Beyond Collective Agreements: The Rise of the Wage Cushion in Germany
André Rieder, Claus Schnabel
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18097
The Digital Gender Divide in Germany: The Role of Preferences and Constraints in Digital Involvement and Wages
Martin Abraham, Luisa Wieser, Claus Schnabel, Cornelia Niessen, Sara Bergmann
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17948
The Untold Story of Internal Migration in Germany: Life-Cycle Patterns, Developments, and the Role of Education
Anton Barabasch, Kamila Cygan-Rehm, Guido Heineck, Sebastian Vogler
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17862
The German labor market after the long boom: What’s next?
Werner Eichhorst, Paul Marx
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17615
Unions and Employers' Associations in Germany: A Survey of Their Membership, Density and Bargaining Coverage
Claus Schnabel
published in: Journal for Labour Market Research, 2025, 59, 7(2025)
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17575
A 22 Percent Increase in the German Minimum Wage: Nothing Crazy!
Mario Bossler, Lars Chittka, Thorsten Schank
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17361
Consumption Expenditures in Austria & Germany: New Evidence Based on Transactional Data
Winfried Koeniger, Peter Kress, Jonas Lehmann
revised version published online in: German Economic Review, 28 July 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17278
The Perceived Impact of Immigration on Native Workers' Labour Market Outcomes
Bernd Hayo, Duncan H.W. Roth
published in: European Journal of Political Economy, 2024, 85, 102610
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17253
Lifetime Consequences of Lost Instructional Time in the Classroom: Evidence from Shortened School Years
Kamila Cygan-Rehm
forthcoming in: Journal of Labor Economics
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17148
Earnings Assimilation of Post-reunification East German Migrants in West Germany
Regina T. Riphahn, Irakli Sauer
published in: Labour, 2024, 38 (4), 475-510
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17005
The Demise of Works Councils in Germany
Susanne Kohaut, Claus Schnabel
forthcoming in: Industrielle Beziehungen (German Journal of Industrial Relations), 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16779
Can Voluntary Adult Education Reduce Unemployment? Causal Evidence from East Germany after Reunification
Li Kathrin Kaja Rupieper, Stephan L. Thomsen
published in: Journal for Labour Market Research, 2025, 59, 2 (2025)
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16729
How Daycare Quality Shapes Norms around Daycare Use and Parental Employment: Experimental Evidence from Germany
Marie-Fleur Philipp, Silke Büchau, Pia S. Schober, Viktoria Werner, C. Katharina Spieß
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16636
Two Pandemic Years Greatly Reduced Young People's Life Satisfaction: Evidence from a Comparison with Pre-COVID-19 Panel Data
Martin Neugebauer, Alexander Patzina, Hans Dietrich, Malte Sandner
published in: European Sociological Review, 2024, 40 (5), 872 - 886
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16261
When Are Employers Interested in Electronic Performance Monitoring? Results from a Factorial Survey Experiment
Luisa Wieser, Martin Abraham, Claus Schnabel, Cornelia Niessen, Mauren Wolff
slightly revised version published as 'Employers’ Muted Interest in Electronic Performance Monitoring (EPM)' in: S. Pfeiffer et al. (eds.), Digitalisierung der Arbeitswelten, SpringerNature. Springer VS, Wiesbaden 2024, 181-202
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16146
Who Is to Suffer? Quantifying the Impact of Sanctions on German Firms
Holger Görg, Anna Jacobs, Saskia Meuchelböck
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2024, 228, 106767
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15844
Is There a Union Wage Premium in Germany and Which Workers Benefit Most?
Marina Bonaccolto-Töpfer, Claus Schnabel
published in: Economies, 2023, 11 (2), 50
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15607
The Ossified Economy: The Case of Germany, 1870-2020
Wim Naudé, Paula Nagler
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15606
A Glimpse of Freedom: Allied Occupation and Political Resistance in East Germany
Luis R. Martinez, Jonas Jessen, Guo Xu
published in: American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2023, 15 (1), 68-106
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15563
Pension Wealth and the Gender Wealth Gap
Karla Cordova, Markus M. Grabka, Eva Sierminska
published in: European Journal of Population, 2022, 38, 755 - 810
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15500
The German Model of Industrial Relations: Balancing Flexibility and Collective Action
Simon Jäger, Shakked Noy, Benjamin Schoefer
published in: Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2022, 36 (4), 53 - 80
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15426
Skill Downgrading among Refugees and Economic Immigrants in Germany: Evidence from the Syrian Refugee Crisis
Plamen Nikolov, Leila Salarpour Goodarzi, David Titus
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15301
Migration and University Education: An Empirical (Macro) Link
Sule Akkoyunlu, Gil S. Epstein, Ira N. Gang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15199
Explaining Regional Disparities in Housing Prices across German Districts
Lars Brausewetter, Stephan L. Thomsen, Johannes Trunzer
revised version published as 'Regional Supply and Demand Fundamentals in the German Housing Price Boom' in: German Economic Review, 2024, 25 (1), 1-36.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15140
Are Retirees More Satisfied? Anticipation and Adaptation Effects: A Causal Panel Analysis of German Statutory Insured and Civil Service Pensioners
Joachim Merz
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15112
Uncovered Workers in Plants Covered by Collective Bargaining: Who Are They and How Do They Fare?
Boris Hirsch, Philipp Lentge, Claus Schnabel
published in: British Journal of Industrial Relations, 2022, 60 (4), 929-945
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14953
Trade, Human Capital, and Income Risk
Liuchun Deng, Pravin Krishna, Mine Zeynep Senses, Jens Stegmaier
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14893
The Effects of an Increase in the Retirement Age on Health – Evidence from Administrative Data
Mara Barschkett, Johannes Geyer, Peter Haan, Anna Hammerschmid
published in: Journal of the Economics of Ageing, 2022, 23, 100403
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14844
Schools under Mandatory Testing Can Mitigate the Spread of SARS-CoV-2
Ingo E. Isphording, marc diederichs, Reyn van Ewijk, Nico Pestel
revised version published in: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2022, 119 (26), e2201724119
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14633
Buying Control? 'Locus of Control' and the Uptake of Supplementary Health Insurance
Eric Bonsang, Joan Costa-Font, Sonja C. de New
published in: Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organisation, 2022, 204, 466 - 489
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14470
Are There No Wage Returns to Compulsory Schooling in Germany? A Reassessment
Kamila Cygan-Rehm
published in: Journal of Applied Econometrics, 2022, 37 (1), 218 - 223
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14293
Revisiting Gender Identity and Relative Income within Households: A Cautionary Tale on the Potential Pitfalls of Density Estimators
Daniel Kühnle, Michael Oberfichtner, Kerstin Ostermann
published in: Journal of Applied Econometrics, 2021, 36 (7), 1065-1073.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14120
Persecution and Escape: Professional Networks and High-Skilled Emigration from Nazi Germany
Sascha O. Becker, Volker Lindenthal, Sharun Mukand, Fabian Waldinger
published in: American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2024, 16 (3), 1–43
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13954
Revisiting the Causal Effect of Education on Political Participation and Interest
Nadja Bömmel, Guido Heineck
substantially revised version published in: Education Economics, 2023, 31 (6), 664-682
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13790
School Re-Openings after Summer Breaks in Germany Did Not Increase SARS-CoV-2 Cases
Ingo E. Isphording, Marc Lipfert, Nico Pestel
revised version published as 'Does re-opening schools contribute to the spread of SARS2? Evidence from staggered summer breaks in Germany' in: Journal of Public Economics, 2021, 198, 104426
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13576
Do Unions and Works Councils Really Dampen the Gender Pay Gap? Discordant Evidence from Germany
Michael Oberfichtner, Claus Schnabel, Marina Töpfer
published in: Economics Letters, 2020, 196, 109509
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13538
Divergence in Labour Force Growth: Should Wages and Prices Grow Faster in Germany?
Thomas Beissinger, Joël Hellier, Martyna Marczak
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13418
Pandemic Meets Pollution: Poor Air Quality Increases Deaths by COVID-19
Ingo E. Isphording, Nico Pestel
revised version published in: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 2021, 108, 102448
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13391
Welfare States, Labor Markets, Social Investment and the Digital Transformation
Werner Eichhorst, Anton Hemerijck, Gemma Scalise
published in: M. R. Busemeyer, A. Kemmerling, K. Van Kersbergen, P. Marx (eds.), Digitalization and the Welfare State, Oxford University Press, 2022, 64–82
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13319
Face Masks Considerably Reduce COVID-19 Cases in Germany: A Synthetic Control Method Approach
Timo Mitze, Reinhold Kosfeld, Johannes Rode, Klaus Wälde
published in: PNAS, 2020, 117 (5), 32293-32301
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13157
Are Universities Important for Explaining Unequal Participation in Student Mobility? A Comparison between Germany, Hungary, Italy and the UK
Sylke V. Schnepf, Elena Bastianelli, Zsuzsa Blaskó
revised version published online as 'What can explain the socio-economic gap in international student mobility uptake? Similarities between Germany, Hungary, Italy and the UK' in: European Education Research Journal, 2024, 23 (4), 479 - 502
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13152
Germany's Capacities to Work from Home
Jean-Victor Alipour, Oliver Falck, Simone Schüller
revised version published in: European Economic Review, 2023, 151,104354
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13151
Should Contact Bans Be Lifted in Germany? A Quantitative Prediction of Its Effects
Jean Roch Donsimoni, René Glawion, Bodo Plachter, Constantin Weiser, Klaus Wälde
published in: CESifo Economic Studies, 2020, 66 (2), 115–133
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13094
Projecting the Spread of COVID-19 for Germany
Jean Roch Donsimoni, René Glawion, Bodo Plachter, Klaus Wälde
published in: German Economic Review, 2020, 21 (2), 181-216.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13032
The Separation and Reunification of Germany: Rethinking a Natural Experiment Interpretation of the Enduring Effects of Communism
Sascha O. Becker, Lukas Mergele, Ludger Woessmann
published in: Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2020, 34 (2), 143-171
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13003
Wage Inequality in Germany after the Minimum Wage Introduction
Mario Bossler, Thorsten Schank
published in: Journal of Labor Economics, 2023, 41 (3), 813 - 857
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12903
Ethnic Networks and the Employment of Asylum Seekers: Evidence from Germany
Felix Stips, Krisztina Kis-Katos
published as 'The impact of co-national networks on asylum seekers' employment: Quasi-experimental evidence from Germany.' in: PLOS One, 2020, 15 (8), e0236996
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12851
Occupational Routine-Intensity and the Costs of Job Loss: Evidence from Mass Layoffs
Uwe Blien, Wolfgang Dauth, Duncan H.W. Roth
published in: Labour Economics, 2021, 68, 101953
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12767
Owners, External Managers, and Industrial Relations in German Establishments
Arnd Kölling, Claus Schnabel
substantially revised version published in: British Journal of Industrial Relations, 2022, 60 (2), 424-443
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