The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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287 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18093
Trapped in Purgatory? The Impact of Divorce Laws on Women’s Welfare with Separation
Paula Calvo, Murat Iyigun, Jeanne Lafortune
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17916
Motherhood and Informality: Empirical Evidence from Russia
Arlan Musayir, Reza Arabsheibani
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17911
Gender Norms and Female Labor Supply: Evidence from Export Shocks in Vietnam
Quynh Huynh, Hyejin Ku
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17903
Empowerment Paradox? The Long-Run Impact of a Cycling Program for Girls in Zambia
Ana Garcia-Hernandez, Nishith Prakash, Janina Isabel Steinert
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17883
Women’s Mobility and Labor Supply: Experimental Evidence from Pakistan
Robert Garlick, Erica Field, Kate Vyborny
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17689
Guaranteed Employment in Rural India: Intra-Household Labor and Resource Allocation Consequences
Jorge Luis García
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17603
Motherhood on Campus: Timing Childbirth during University Studies
Nicoline Josephine Bach, Astrid Würtz Rasmussen, Nina Smith
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17558
Gender Inequality in the Labor Market: Continuing Progress?
Francine D. Blau
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17450
Female Empowerment and Male Backlash: Experimental Evidence from India
Claire Cullen, Sarthak Joshi, Joseph Vecci, Julia Talbot-Jones
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17434
Gender Differences in Preferences for Flexible Work Hours: Experimental Evidence from an Online Freelancing Platform
Rakesh Banerjee, Tushar Bharati, Adnan Fakir, Yiwei Qian, Naveen Sunder
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17429
Can Children's Education Enhance Formal Female Labor Force Participation?
Gustavo J. Canavire Bacarreza, Gunnar Poppe Yanez
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17419
Income and Fertility of Female College Graduates in the United States
Zhengyu Cai, John V. Winters
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17391
Family Planning and Ethnic Heritage: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa
Graziella Bertocchi, Arcangelo Dimico, Chiara Falco
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17368
The Demand-Side Story: Structural Change and the Decline in Female Labour Force Participation in India
Ashwini Deshpande, Jitendra Singh
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17281
Aggregate Implications of Barriers to Female Entrepreneurship
Gaurav Chiplunkar, Pinelopi Koujianou Goldberg
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17250
The Cultural Role of Rice Cultivation in Female Workforce Participation in India
Gautam Hazarika
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17238
The Effects of Child Care Subsidies on Paid Child Care Participation and Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from the Child and Dependent Care Credit
Gabrielle Pepin
published in: ILR Review, 2025, 78 (4), 645-666
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17194
Fast Internet, Women Identity, and Female Genital Mutilation
Jorge Garcia-Hombrados, Daniel Pérez-Parra, Ricardo Ciacci
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17175
Can Term Limits Accelerate Women's Access to Top Political Positions? Quasi-Experimental Evidence from Italy
Carolina Kansikas, Manuel Bagues
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17143
How Important Are Mental and Physical Health in Career and Family Choices?
Guido Cozzi, Noemi Mantovan, Robert M. Sauer
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17118
Female Employment and Structural Transformation
Moritz Kuhn, Iourii Manovskii, Xincheng Qiu
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17106
Employment Booms and Infant Health: Evidence from the Ready-Made Garment Sector in Bangladesh
Mahima Vasishth
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17103
Gender Gaps across the Spectrum of Development: Local Talent and Firm Productivity
Nava Ashraf, Oriana Bandiera, Virginia Minni, Víctor Quintas-Martínez
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17021
To Improve Is to Change? The Effects of Risk Rating 2.0 on Flood Insurance Demand
Francesc Ortega, Ivan Petkov
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16973
The Economic Consequences of Being Widowed by War: A Life-Cycle Perspective
Sebastian Till Braun, Jan Stuhler
published in: Journal of Public Economics, 2024, 239, 16973
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16922
Flood Risk and Insurance Take-up in the Flood Zone and Its Periphery
Ivan Petkov, Francesc Ortega
published as 'Learning from experience: Flooding and insurance take-up in the flood zone and its periphery' in: Journal of Risk and Insurance, 2025, 92 (2), 312-356
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16641
Female Headship and Poverty in the Arab Region: Analysis of Trends and Dynamics Based on a New Typology
Shireen AlAzzawi, Hai-Anh H Dang, Vladimir Hlasny, Kseniya Abanokova, Jere R. Behrman
forthcoming in: Social Indicators Research, 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16639
Can Effective Policy Implementation Alter Political Selection? Evidence from Female Legislators in India
S Anukriti, Rossella Calvi, Abhishek Chakravarty
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16617
Female Board Representation and Corporate Performance: A Review and New Estimates for Australia
Nicholas Bayly, Robert Breunig, Chris Wokker
published in: Economic Record, 2024, 100 (330), 386-417
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16557
Does the Child Penalty Strike Twice, and If So Why?
Mette Gørtz, Sarah Sander, Almudena Sevilla
published as 'Does the Child Penalty Strike Twice?' in: European Economic Review, 2025, 172, 104942
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16545
Occupational Differences in the Effects of Retirement on Hospitalizations for Mental Illness among Female Workers: Evidence from Administrative Data in China
Tianyu Wang, Ruochen Sun, Jody L. Sindelar, Xi Chen
published in: Economics and Human Biology, 2024 , 53, 101367
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16545
Occupational Differences in the Effects of Retirement on Hospitalizations for Mental Illness among Female Workers: Evidence from Administrative Data in China
Tianyu Wang, Ruochen Sun, Jody L. Sindelar, Xi Chen
published in: Economics and Human Biology, 2024 , 53, 101367
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16539
Educate Some to Represent Many? Education and Female Political Representation in Europe
Luna Bellani, Marisa Hidalgo-Hidalgo
revised version published as 'Bridging the Gender Gap: Women’s Education and Political Representation' in: Economics of Education Review, 2025, 104, 102605
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16383
Female Leadership and Workplace Climate
Sule Alan, Gozde Corekcioglu, Mustafa Kaba, Matthias Sutter
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16378
The Short and Medium Term Effects of Full-Day Schooling on Learning and Maternal Labor Supply
Giulia Bovini, Niccolò Cattadori, Marta De Philippis, Paolo Sestito
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16277
The Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic Recession on Less Educated Women's Human Capital: Some Projections
Mark Drozd, Robert A. Moffitt, Xinyu Zhao
published in: Journal of Labor Economics, 2024, 42 (2), 289–323
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16178
Will Childcare Subsidies Increase the Labour Supply of Mothers in Ireland?
Karina Doorley, Dora Tuda, Luke Duggan
published in: Fiscal Studies, 2025, 46 (2), 239-259
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16174
Reconciling Estimates of the Long-Term Earnings Effect of Fertility
Simon Bensnes, Ingrid Huitfeldt, Edwin Leuven
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16148
Husbands' Wages and Married Women's Labor Supply in Urban China
Mengbing Zhu, Yi Li, Chunbing Xing
published in: China Economic Review, 2023, 82, 102609.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16136
Women's Transitions in the Labour Market as a Result of Childbearing: The Challenges of Formal Sector Employment in Indonesia
Lisa A. Cameron, Diana Contreras Suarez, Yi-Ping Tseng
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16006
Social Norms and Female Labor Force Participation in Bangladesh: The Role of Social Expectations and Reference Networks
Luna Bellani, Kumar Biswas, Sebastian Fehrler, Paul Marx, Shwetlena Sabarwal, Syed Rashed Al-Zayed Josh
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15847
Towing Norms through the American Dream
Pavel Jelnov
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15836
The Effect of Pension Wealth on Employment
Sebastian Becker, Hermann Buslei, Johannes Geyer, Peter Haan
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15789
Culture and the Labor Supply of Female Immigrants
Julia Bredtmann, Sebastian Otten
published in: Economic Inquiry, 2023, 61 (2), 282-300
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15639
Women's Careers and Family Formation
Sonia R. Bhalotra, Damian Clarke, Selma Walther
published in: Klaus. F. Zimmermann (ed.), Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics, Springer Nature, 2023
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15518
Manufacturing Employment and Women's Agency: Evidence from Lesotho 2004-2014
Louise Grogan
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15453
Female Labor Market Opportunities and Gender Gaps in Aspirations
Teresa Molina, Emiko Usui
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2023, 211, 165-187
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15419
Technological Progress, Occupational Structure and Gender Gaps in the German Labour Market
Ronald Bachmann, Myrielle Gonschor
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15411
Mending the Gap: Apparel Export Prices and the Gender Wage Gap in Bangladesh
Raymond Robertson, Deeksha Kokas, Diego Cardozo Medeiros, Gladys Lopez-Acevedo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15395
Women's Political Representation and Intimate Partner Violence
S Anukriti, Bilge Erten, Priya Mukherjee
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15381
Bring a Friend: Strengthening Women's Social Networks and Reproductive Autonomy in India
S Anukriti, Catalina Herrera-Almanza, Mahesh Karra
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15258
The Distribution of the Gender Wage Gap: An Equilibrium Model
Sonia R. Bhalotra, Manuel Fernandez Sierra, Fan Wang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15102
Scarring Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Italian Labour Market
Davide Fiaschi, Cristina Tealdi
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15076
Wheels of Change: Transforming Girls' Lives with Bicycles
Nathan Fiala, Ana Garcia-Hernandez, Kritika Narula, Nishith Prakash
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15076
Wheels of Change: Transforming Girls' Lives with Bicycles
Nathan Fiala, Ana Garcia-Hernandez, Kritika Narula, Nishith Prakash
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15072
Remote Work, Children's Health and the Racial Gap in Female Wages
Amairisa Kouki, Robert M. Sauer
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15072
Remote Work, Children's Health and the Racial Gap in Female Wages
Amairisa Kouki, Robert M. Sauer
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15029
Women in Paid Employment: A Role for Public Policies and Social Norms in Guatemala
Rita K. Almeida, Mariana Viollaz
published in: Oxford Development Studies, 2023, 51 (3), 252-279
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14897
Gender Discrimination
Kailing Shen
published online in: Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics, Springer, Cham, 28 January 2022
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14811
The Evolving Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Gender Inequality in the U.S. Labor Market: The COVID Motherhood Penalty
Kenneth A. Couch, Robert W. Fairlie, Huanan Xu
published in: Economic Inquiry, 2022, 60 (2), 485 - 507
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14719
The Alabaster Ceiling: The Gender Legacy of the Papal States
Elona Harka, Luca Nunziata, Lorenzo Rocco
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14639
Dropping Out, Being Pushed Out or Can’t Get in? Decoding Declining Labour Force Participation of Indian Women
Ashwini Deshpande, Jitendra Singh
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14605
Mothers at Work: How Mandating Paid Maternity Leave Affects Employment, Earnings and Fertility
Esther Mirjam Girsberger, Lena Hassani Nezhad, Kalaivani Karunanethy, Rafael Lalive
published in: Labour Economics, 2023, 84, 102364
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14548
Too Family Friendly? The Consequences of Parent Part-Time Working Rights
Daniel Fernández-Kranz, Núria Rodríguez-Planas
published in: Journal of Public Economics, 2021, 197, 104407
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14410
World War II, the Baby Boom and Employment: County Level Evidence
Abel Brodeur, Lamis Kattan
published in: Journal of Labor Economics, 2022, 40 (2), 437-471
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14372
Women, Violence and Work: Threat of Sexual Violence and Women's Decision to Work
Tanika Chakraborty, Nafisa Lohawala
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14261
Gender, Selection into Employment, and the Wage Impact of Immigration
George J. Borjas, Anthony Edo
forthcoming in: Journal of Labor Economics, 2026
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14218
Trends and Determinants of Female Labor Force Participation in Morocco: An Initial Exploratory Analysis
Gladys Lopez-Acevedo, Florencia Devoto, Matias Morales, Jaime Alfonso Roche Rodriguez
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14186
Gender Gaps in Latin American Labor Markets: Implications from an Estimated Search Model
Mauricio Tejada, Claudia Piras, Luca Flabbi, Monserrat Bustelo
published in: Annals of Economics and Statistics, 2021, 142, 2021, 111-178
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13996
Is Son Preference Disappearing from Bangladesh?
Niaz Asadullah, Nazia Mansoor, Teresa Randazzo, Zaki Wahhaj
published in: World Development, 2021, 140, 105353
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13981
Managerial Performance of a Female-Owned and Home-Based Firm
Oluwasheyi S. Oladipo, Katarzyna Platt, Hyoung Suk Shim
published online in: Small Business Economics, 17 January 2023
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13957
Globalization and Female Empowerment: Evidence from Myanmar
Teresa Molina, Mari Tanaka
published in: Economic Development and Cultural Change, 2023, 71 (2), 519-565
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13904
Gender Stereotypes Can Explain the Gender-Equality Paradox
Thomas Breda, Elyès Jouini, Clotilde Napp, Georgia Thebault
published in: PNAS, 2020, 117 (49), 31063-3106
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13839
Female Employment and Childcare
Lena Hassani Nezhad
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13814
Female Labor Force Participation in Five Selected Mena Countries: An Age-Period-Cohort Analysis (Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Palestine and Tunisia)
Moundir Lassassi, Aysit Tansel
substantially revised version published as 'Female Labor Force Participation in Egypt and Palestine: An Age-Period- Cohort Analysis' in: Review of Development Economics, 2022, 26 (4), 1997-2020.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13792
Working Less to Take Care of Parents? Labor Market Effects of Family Long-Term Care in Four Latin American Countries
Marco Stampini, María Laura Oliveri, Pablo Ibarrarán, Diana Londoño, Ho June (Sean) Rhee, Gillinda M. James
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13791
School Schedule and the Gender Pay Gap
Emma Duchini, Clémentine Van Effenterre
published in: Journal of Human Resources, 2024, 59 (4), 1052 - 1089
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13773
Why Are Africa's Female Entrepreneurs Not Playing the Export Game? Evidence from Ghana
Charles G. Ackah, Holger Görg, Aoife Hanley, Cecília Hornok
published as 'Africa’s Businesswomen – Underfunded or Underperforming?' in: Small Business Economics, 2024, 62 (3), 1051-1074
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13707
The Impact of COVID-19 on Small Business Owners: The First Three Months after Social-Distancing Restrictions
Robert W. Fairlie
published in: Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 2020, 29 (4), 727 - 740
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13687
The Weight of Patriarchy? Gender Obesity Gaps in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA)
Joan Costa-Font, Mario Gyori
published in: Social Science and Medicine, 220, 266, 113353
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13687
The Weight of Patriarchy? Gender Obesity Gaps in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA)
Joan Costa-Font, Mario Gyori
published in: Social Science and Medicine, 220, 266, 113353
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13687
The Weight of Patriarchy? Gender Obesity Gaps in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA)
Joan Costa-Font, Mario Gyori
published in: Social Science and Medicine, 220, 266, 113353
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13687
The Weight of Patriarchy? Gender Obesity Gaps in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA)
Joan Costa-Font, Mario Gyori
published in: Social Science and Medicine, 220, 266, 113353
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13648
Child Health, Remote Work and the Female Wage Penalty
Amairisa Kouki, Robert M. Sauer
published as 'Beyond the “Comforts” of work from home: Child health and the female wage penalty' in: European Economic Review, 2023, 157, 104527 (without R. Sauer)
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13648
Child Health, Remote Work and the Female Wage Penalty
Amairisa Kouki, Robert M. Sauer
published as 'Beyond the “Comforts” of work from home: Child health and the female wage penalty' in: European Economic Review, 2023, 157, 104527 (without R. Sauer)
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13608
Import Competition and Gender Differences in Labor Reallocation
Hani Mansour, Pamela Medina, Andrea Velasquez
published in: Labour Economics, 2022, 76, 102149.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13544
Subsidizing Domestic Services as a Tool to Fight Unemployment: Effectiveness and Hidden Costs
Elisabeth Leduc, Ilan Tojerow
published as 'Home work: Exploring the labor market effects of subsidizing domestic services' in: Labour Economics, 2024, 90, 102595
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13533
The Intergenerational Transmission of Gender Role Attitudes: Evidence from Immigrant Mothers-In-Law
Julia Bredtmann, Lisa Sofie Höckel, Sebastian Otten
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2020, 179, 101-115
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13496
Fertility as a Driver of Maternal Employment
Julia Schmieder
revised version published in: Labour Economics, 2021, 72,102048
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13404
Changes in Female Employment in Mexico: Demographics, Economics, and Policies
Gladys Lopez-Acevedo, Samuel Freije-Rodriguez, Mexico Alberto Vergara Bahena, Diego Cardozo Medeiros
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13404
Changes in Female Employment in Mexico: Demographics, Economics, and Policies
Gladys Lopez-Acevedo, Samuel Freije-Rodriguez, Mexico Alberto Vergara Bahena, Diego Cardozo Medeiros
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13402
Less School (Costs), More (Female) Education? Lessons from Egypt Reducing Years of Compulsory Schooling
Ahmed Elsayed, Olivier Marie
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13382
Marginal College Wage Premiums under Selection into Employment
Matthias Westphal, Daniel A. Kamhöfer, Hendrik Schmitz
published in: Economic Journal, 2022, 132 (646), 2231 - 2272
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13288
Understanding the Rising Trend in Female Labour Force Participation
Nicolas Herault, Guyonne Kalb
published in: Fiscal Studies, 2022, 43 (4), 341-363.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13125
Female Political Representation and Substantive Effects on Policies: A Literature Review
Zohal Hessami, Mariana Lopes da Fonseca
published in: European Journal of Political Economy, 2020, 63, 101896
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12956
Analyzing Female Employment Trends in South Asia
Fatima Najeeb, Matias Morales, Gladys Lopez-Acevedo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12955
The Relationship between Female Labor Force Participation and Violent Conflicts in South Asia
Raymond Robertson, Gladys Lopez-Acevedo, Matias Morales
published in: Contemporary South Asia, 2023, 31 (3), 371 - 389
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12943
Microentrepreneurship in Developing Countries
Seema Jayachandran
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12940
Can Women's Self-Help Groups Contribute to Sustainable Development? Evidence of Capability Changes from Northern India
Paul Anand, Swati Saxena, Rolando Gonzales Martinez, Hai-Anh H Dang
published in: Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, 2020, 21(2), 137-160.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12923
Does the Added Worker Effect Matter?
Nezih Guner, Yuliya Kulikova, Arnau Valladares-Esteban
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