The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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98 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18245
Evaluators’ Masculine Gender Identity May Drive Gender Biases in Peer Evaluation of Business Plans
Magdalena Adamus, Martin Guzi, Eva Ballová Mikušková
published in: Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, 2025, 102473.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18160
A Tale of Two Startups: The Loss and Gain of Startups in the U.S. Economy in the Pandemic
Robert W. Fairlie, Frank M. Fossen, Ke Lyu
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18143
AI Business Applications Training and Business Outcomes: An Inclusive Intervention for Underrepresented Entrepreneurs
Nick Drydakis
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17655
Workers' Job Prospects and Young Firm Dynamics
Seula Kim
IZA Discussion Paper No. 17123
Beyond Borders: Do Gender Norms and Institutions Affect Female Businesses?
Holger Görg, Ina C. Jäkel
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16930
Long-Term Effects of Shocks on New Opportunity and Necessity Entrepreneurship
Emilio Congregado, Frank M. Fossen, Nicola Rubino, David Troncoso
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16443
Divergent Thinking and Post-Launch Entrepreneurial Outcomes: Non-Linearities and the Moderating Role of Experience
Marco Caliendo, Daniel Rodriguez
published in: Small Business Economics, 2024, 62, 1523-1553
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16122
Labour Costs and the Decision to Hire the First Employee
Bart Cockx, Sam Desiere
published in: European Economic Review, 2024, 170, 104859
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15946
State-Based Conflict and Entrepreneurship: Empirical Evidence
Wim Naudé, Ernesto Amorós, Tilman Brück
published in: W. Naudé and B. Power, Handbook of Research on Entrepreneurship and Conflict, Edward Elgar, 2024, 106–140
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15848
Self-Efficacy and Entrepreneurial Performance of Start-Ups
Marco Caliendo, Alexander S. Kritikos, Daniel Rodriguez, Claudia Stier
published in: Small Business Economics, 2023, 61, 1027–1051
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15690
Microentrepreneurs' Gender Difference in Labor Demand
Oluwasheyi S. Oladipo, Hyoung Suk Shim
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15014
Firm Pay Dynamics
Niklas Engbom, Christian Moser, Jan Sauermann
published in: Journal of Econometrics, 2023, 233 (1), 396 - 423
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14535
Self-Employment in Rural China: Its Development, Characteristics, and Relation to Income
Björn Anders Gustafsson, Yudan Zhang
published in: China & World Economy, 2022, 30 (1), 136-165
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13835
Extreme Events, Entrepreneurial Start-Ups, and Innovation: Theoretical Conjectures
Thomas Gries, Wim Naudé
published in: Economics of Disaster and Climate Change, 2021, 5, 329–353
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13667
Digital Entrepreneurship Research: A Concise Introduction
Wim Naudé, Werner Liebregts
published as 'Digital Entrepreneurship' in: Liebregts, W., van den Heuvel, WJ., van den Born, A. (eds), Data Science for Entrepreneurship. Classroom Companion: Business. Springer, Cham, 2023, 279-303
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13436
Entrepreneurial Recovery from COVID-19: Decentralization, Democratization, Demand, Distribution, and Demography
Wim Naudé
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13390
Does Emigration Drain Entrepreneurs?
Massimo Anelli, Gaetano Basso, Giuseppe Ippedico, Giovanni Peri
published as 'Emigration and Entrepreneurial Drain' in: American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2023, 15 (2), 218–252
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13173
Tenancy by the Entirety and the Value of Wealth Insurance for Entrepreneurs
Jeffrey Traczynski
published in: Journal of Law, Finance and Accounting, 2020, 5 (2), 337 - 359
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12690
Catching up or Lagging Behind? The Long-Term Business and Innovation Potential of Subsidized Start-Ups out of Unemployment
Marco Caliendo, Steffen Künn, Martin Weissenberger
published in: Research Policy, 2020, 49 (10), 1-14
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12607
Entrepreneurial Persistence beyond Survival: Measurement and Determinants
Marco Caliendo, Maximilian Göthner, Martin Weißenberger
published in: Journal of Small Business Management, 2020, 58 (3), 617-647.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12499
Entrepreneurship over the Business Cycle in the United States: A Decomposition
Frank M. Fossen
revised version published in: Small Business Economics, 2021, 57, 1837-1855
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12325
The Impact of Soft-Skills Training for Entrepreneurs in Jamaica
Diego Ubfal, Irani Arraiz, Diether Beuermann, Michael Frese, Alessandro Maffioli, Daniel Verch
published in: World Development, 2022, 152, 105787
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12189
Transitioning from Solo Self-Employed to Microbusiness Employer: Local Economic Environment or Owner Characteristics?
Andrew Henley
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11650
Skills, Scope, and Success: An Empirical Look at the Start-up Process in Creative Industries in Germany
Karsten Kohn, Solvejg A. Wewel
published in: Creativity and Innovation Management, 2018, 27 (3), 295-318
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11195
Cities and Entrepreneurs over Time: Like a Horse and Carriage?
Wim Naudé
revised version published as 'Urbanisation and Entrepreneurship in Development: Like a Horse and Carriage? 'in: Dastbaz,M., Naudé, W. and Manoochehri, J. (eds.), Smart Futures, Challenges of Urbanisation, and Social Sustainability, Springer, 2018, 29 - 47
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11155
How Does Firm Survival Differ between Business Takeovers and New Venture Start-ups?
Guoqian Xi, Jörn Block, Frank Lasch, Frank Robert, Roy Thurik
published as 'The survival of business takeovers and new venture start-ups' in: Industrial and Corporate Change, 2020, 29 (3), 797 - 826
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9984
Gendered Entrepreneurship Networks
Simen Markussen, Knut Røed
revised version published as 'The Gender Gap in Entrepreneurship - The Role of Peer Effects' in: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2017, 134, 356-373
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9919
Entrepreneurial Choices of Initial Human Capital Endowments and New Venture Success
Vera Rocha, Mirjam C. van Praag, Timothy B. Folta, Anabela Carneiro
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9817
Is European Entrepreneurship in Crisis?
Wim Naudé
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9806
Size of Training Firms: The Role of Firms, Luck, and Ability in Young Workers' Careers
Steffen Müller, Renate Neubäumer
published in: International Journal of Manpower, 2018, 39 (5), 658-673
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9744
The Entrepreneurship Beveridge Curve
Thomas Gries, Stefan Jungblut, Wim Naudé
published in: International Journal of Economic Theory, 2016, 12 (2), 151-165
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9521
Entrepreneurship and the Reallocation of African Farmers
Wim Naudé
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9242
The Power of (Non) Positive Thinking: Self-Employed Pessimists Earn More than Optimists
Christopher Dawson, David Emmanuel de Meza, Andrew Henley, Reza Arabsheibani
published as 'Curb your enthusiasm: Optimistic entrepreneurs earn less' in: European Economic Review, 2019, 111, 53 - 69
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9232
The Post Crisis Growth in the Self-Employed: Volunteers or Reluctant Recruits?
Andrew Henley
published in: Regional Studies, 2017, 51, 1312 - 1323
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8981
The Rise of Female Entrepreneurs: New Evidence on Gender Differences in Liquidity Constraints
Robert M. Sauer, Tanya Wilson
published in: European Economic Review, 2016, 86, 73-86
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8577
Risk, Uncertainty and Entrepreneurship: Evidence from a Lab-in-the-Field Experiment
Martin Koudstaal, Randolph Sloof, Mirjam C. van Praag
published in: Management Science, 2016, 62 (10), 2897 - 2915
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8564
Young Entrepreneurs in Rural Africa: Prevalence, Determinants, Productivity
Paula Nagler, Wim Naudé
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8524
Labor Productivity in Rural African Enterprises: Empirical Evidence from the LSMS-ISA
Paula Nagler, Wim Naudé
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8295
Non-Farm Enterprise Productivity and Spatial Autocorrelation in Rural Africa: Evidence from Ethiopia and Nigeria
Nkechi S. Owoo, Wim Naudé
published as 'Spatial proximity and firm performance: evidence from non-farm rural enterprises in Ethiopia and Nigeria' in: Regional Studies, 2016, 51 (5), 688–700
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8237
Jacks-of-All-Trades? The Effect of Balanced Skills on Team Performance
Laura Rosendahl Huber, Randolph Sloof, Mirjam C. van Praag
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8111
Is Religion Associated with Entrepreneurial Activity?
Andrew Henley
published as 'Does Religion Influence Entrepreneurial Behaviour?' in: International Small Business Journal, 2017, 35 (5), 597 - 617
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8008
Non-Farm Entrepreneurship in Rural Africa: Patterns and Determinants
Paula Nagler, Wim Naudé
published as 'Non-farm entrepreneurship in rural sub-Saharan Africa: New empirical evidence' in: Food Policy, 2017, 67, 175-191
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7889
Skill Variety, Innovation and New Business Formation
Jolanda Hessels, Udo Brixy, Wim Naudé, Thomas Gries
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7796
Foreign Direct Investment and Domestic Entrepreneurship: Blessing or Curse?
Seçil Hülya Danakol, Saul Estrin, Paul Reynolds, Utz Weitzel
published as 'Foreign direct investment via M&A and domestic entrepreneurship: blessing or curse?' in: Small Business Economics, 2017, 48 (3), 599 - 612
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7669
Immigration and Entrepreneurship
Robert W. Fairlie, Magnus Lofstrom
published in: Barry Chiswick and Paul Miller (eds.), Handbook on the Economics of International Immigration, 1B, Elsevier, 2015
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7653
The Wider Economic Impacts of High-Skilled Migrants: A Survey of the Literature
Max Nathan
published in: IZA Journal of Migration 2014, 3:4
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7547
'Romanticizing Penniless Entrepreneurs?' The Relationship between Start-Ups and Human Wellbeing across Countries
Wim Naudé, José Ernesto Amorós, Oscar Cristi
published as 'Should We Romanticize Penniless Entrepreneurs?: Startups and Human Wellbeing across Countries' in: Academy of Management Proceedings, 2012, 1, 15914
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7542
Survival of Spinoffs and Other Startups: First Evidence for the Private Sector in Germany, 1976-2008
Daniel Fackler, Claus Schnabel
substantially revised version published as 'Spinoffs in Germany: Characteristics, Survival, and the Role of their Parents', in: Small Business Economics, 2016, 46 (1), 93-114 ( co-authored by Alexandra Schmucker,)
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7507
Entrepreneurship and Economic Development: Theory, Evidence and Policy
Wim Naudé
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7346
Firm-Level Heterogeneity and the Decision to Export: A Real Option Approach
Wim Naudé, Thomas Gries, Natasa Bilkic
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