The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising over 13,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics. 

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172 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13996
Is Son Preference Disappearing from Bangladesh?
Niaz Asadullah, Nazia Mansoor, Teresa Randazzo, Zaki Wahhaj
forthcoming in: World Development
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13885
Consequences of War: Japan's Demographic Transition and the Marriage Market
Kota Ogasawara, Mizuki Komura
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13883
Demographic Change and Regional Labour Markets
Michael Johannes Böhm, Terry Gregory, Pamela Qendrai, Christian Siegel
forthcoming in: Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 2021, 7 (1)
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13776
COVID-19 and the Future of US Fertility: What Can We Learn from Google?
Joshua Wilde, Wei Chen, Sophie Lohmann
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13538
Divergence in Labour Force Growth: Should Wages and Prices Grow Faster in Germany?
Thomas Beissinger, Joël Hellier, Martyna Marczak
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13335
Turnout in the Municipal Elections of March 2020 and Excess Mortality during the COVID-19 Epidemic in France
Simone Bertoli, Lucas Guichard, Francesca Marchetta
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13122
Human Capital as Engine of Growth the Role of Knowledge Transfers in Promoting Balanced Growth within and across Countries
Isaac Ehrlich, Yun Pei
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12964
Spurring Economic Growth through Human Development: Research Results and Guidance for Policymakers
David E. Bloom, Alexander Khoury, Vadim Kufenko, Klaus Prettner
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12962
The Future of Work: Challenges for Job Creation Due to Global Demographic Change and Automation
Ana Abeliansky, Eda Algur, David E. Bloom, Klaus Prettner
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12783
Water Purification Efforts and the Black-White Infant Mortality Gap, 1906-1938
D. Mark Anderson, Kerwin Kofi Charles, Daniel I. Rees, Tianyi Wang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12760
The Wife's Protector: A Quantitative Theory Linking Contraceptive Technology with the Decline in Marriage
Jeremy Greenwood, Nezih Guner, Karen A. Kopecky
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12732
Workplace Positive Actions, Trans People's Self-Esteem and Human Resources' Evaluations
Vasiliki Bozani, Nick Drydakis, Katerina Sidiropoulou, Benjamin Harvey, Anna Paraskevopoulou
published in: International Journal of Manpower (online first: 12 November 2019)
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12561
Institutional Responses to Aging Populations and Economic Growth: A Panel Data Approach
Patrick M. Emerson, Shawn D. Knabb, Anca-Ioana Sirbu
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12442
Samuelson's Contributions to Population Theory and Overlapping Generations in Economics
Ronald D. Lee
forthcoming in: a Palgrave volume on Paul Samuelson, Paul Samuelson Master of Modern Economics, edited by Robert Cord
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12368
Who Is in Favor of Immigration
Gil S. Epstein, Shirit Katav-Herz
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12243
Make Yourselves Scarce: The Effect of Demographic Change on the Relative Wages and Employment Rates of Experienced Workers
Michael Johannes Böhm, Christian Siegel
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12116
Mortality in Midlife for Subgroups in Germany
Peter Haan, Anna Hammerschmid, Julia Schmieder
published in: Journal of the Economics of Ageing, 2019, 14
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11976
Early Career Research Production in Economics: Does Mentoring Matter?
Andrés García-Suaza, Jesus Otero, Rainer Winkelmann
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11940
Health and Economic Growth: Reconciling the Micro and Macro Evidence
David E. Bloom, David Canning, Rainer Kotschy, Klaus Prettner, Johannes Schünemann
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11836
Changing Sex-Ratios among Immigrant Communities in the U.S.
Adriana Hernández Catañeda, Todd A. Sorensen
published in: Journal of Economics, Race and Policy, 2019, 2 (1-2), 20 - 42
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11744
Social Norms and Fertility
Sunha Myong, JungJae Park, Junjian Yi
published in: Journal of the European Economic Association, Published: 31 October 2020
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11739
Demography, Unemployment, Automation, and Digitalization: Implications for the Creation of (Decent) Jobs, 2010–2030
David E. Bloom, Matthew J. McKenna, Klaus Prettner
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11628
Bismarck's Health Insurance and the Mortality Decline
Stefan Bauernschuster, Anastasia Driva, Erik Hornung
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11486
The Labor Market Effects of Immigration Enforcement
Chloe N. East, Philip Luck, Hani Mansour, Andrea Velasquez
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11441
On Welfare Effects of Increasing Retirement Age
Krzysztof Makarski, Joanna Tyrowicz
forthcoming in: Journal of Policy Modelling, doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2018.11.002
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11440
Demographic Change and the European Income Distribution
Mathias Dolls, Karina Doorley, Alari Paulus, Hilmar Schneider, Eric Sommer
published in: Journal of Economic Inequality, 2019, 17 (3), 337 - 357
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11423
A Tale of Two Academic Tracks
Muhammad Asali
revised version published in: Education Economics, 2019, 27 (3), 323-337.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11358
Demographic Uncertainty and Generational Consumption Risk with Endogenous Human Capital
Patrick M. Emerson, Shawn D. Knabb
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11274
Intimate Partner Violence and the Business Cycle
Sonia R. Bhalotra, Uma Kambhampati, Samantha Rawlings, Zahra Siddique
World Bank Economic Review, (https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhz030), 'Intimate Partner Violence: The Influence of Job Opportunities for Men and Women'
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11251
World Commodity Prices, Job Security and Health: Evidence from the Mining Industry
David W. Johnston, Michael A. Shields, Agne Suziedelyte
published as 'Macroeconomic Shocks, Job Security, and Health from the Mining Industry' in: American Journal of Health Economics, 2020, 6 (3), 348-371
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11126
Age and Education in the Russian Labour Market Equation
Vladimir Gimpelson, Rostislav Kapeliushnikov
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11121
The Rising Longevity Gap by Lifetime Earnings: Distributional Implications for the Pension System
Peter Haan, Daniel Kemptner, Holger Lüthen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11062
Does Low Skilled Immigration Cause Human Capital Polarization? Evidence from Italian Provinces
Giorgio Brunello, Elisabetta Lodigiani, Lorenzo Rocco
published as 'Does low skilled immigration increase the education of natives? Evidence from Italian provinces' in: Labour Economics, 2020, 63, 101794
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11037
Escaping from Hunger before WW1: Nutrition and Living Standards in Western Europe and USA in the Late Nineteenth Century
Ian Gazeley, Rose Holmes, Andrew T. Newell, Kevin Reynolds, Hector Gutierrez Rufrancos
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11003
Is There Still Son Preference in the United States?
Francine D. Blau, Lawrence M. Kahn, Peter Brummund, Jason B. Cook, Miriam Larson-Koester
published: Journal of Population Economics, 2020, 33 (3), 709-750
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10935
Does Broadband Internet Affect Fertility?
Francesco C. Billari, Osea Giuntella, Luca Stella
published in: Population Studies, published online 28 March 2019
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10901
Skill Premiums and the Supply of Young Workers in Germany
Albrecht Glitz, Daniel Wissmann
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10834
Disease and Fertility: Evidence from the 1918 Influenza Pandemic in Sweden
Nina Boberg-Fazlic, Maryna Ivets, Martin Karlsson, Therese Nilsson
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10810
Economic Conditions at Birth and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Adulthood: Evidence from New Cohorts
Rob Alessie, Viola Angelini, Gerard J. van den Berg, Jochen O. Mierau, Laura Viluma
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10804
The Long-Awaited Rise of the Middle Class in Latin America Is Finally Happening
Maurizio Bussolo, Maryla Maliszewska, Elie Murard
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10733
Does Delayed Retirement Affect Youth Employment? Evidence from Italian Local Labour Markets
Marco Bertoni, Giorgio Brunello
published as 'Does A Higher Retirement Age Reduce Youth Employment' in: Economic Policy, 2020
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10728
Explaining Non-Employment Magnitude and Duration: The Case of Italy
Bruno Contini, Roberto Quaranta
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10690
More Pensioners, Less Income Inequality? The Impact of Changing Age Composition on Inequality in Big Cities and Elsewhere
Omoniyi Alimi, David C. Maré, Jacques Poot
published in: U. Blien, K. Kourtit, P. Nijkamp & R. Stough (eds.), Modelling Aging and Migration Effects on Spatial Labor Markets, Berlin: Springer Verlag, 2018
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10618
Urban Water Disinfection and Mortality Decline in Developing Countries
Sonia R. Bhalotra, Alberto Diaz-Cayeros, Grant Miller, Alfonso Miranda, Atheendar Venkataramani
forthcoming: American Economic Journal: Economic Policy
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10558
The Implicit Costs of Motherhood over the Lifecycle: Cross-Cohort Evidence from Administrative Longitudinal Data
Christian Neumeier, Todd A. Sorensen, Douglas A. Webber
Published as "The Implicit Costs of Motherhood over the Lifecycle: Cross‐Cohort Evidence from Administrative Longitudinal Data" Southern Economic Journal 84 (3), 716-733
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10451
Wage Risk, Employment Risk and the Rise in Wage Inequality
Ariel Mecikovsky, Felix Wellschmied
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10380
Population Growth and Carbon Emissions
Gregory Casey, Oded Galor
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10312
Marriage and Marriage Markets
Shoshana Grossbard
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10164
Demography of Global Aging
David E. Bloom, Elizabeth Mitgang, Benjamin Osher
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10163
The Global Demography of Aging: Facts, Explanations, Future
David E. Bloom, Dara Lee Luca
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10162
Population Aging in India: Facts, Issues, and Options
Arunika Agarwal, Alyssa Lubet, Elizabeth Mitgang, Sanjay Mohanty, David E. Bloom
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10161
Africa's Prospects for Enjoying a Demographic Dividend
David E. Bloom, Michael Kuhn, Klaus Prettner
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10160
Population Decline in Lithuania: Who Lives in Declining Regions and Who Leaves?
Rūta Ubarevičienė, Maarten van Ham
IZA Discussion Paper No. 10015
The Intimate Link between Income Levels and Life Expectancy: Global Evidence from 213 Years
Michael Jetter, Sabine Laudage, David Stadelmann
published in: Social Science Quarterly, 2019, 100 (4), 1387 - 1403
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9935
Single and Investing: Homeownership Trends among the Never Married
Kusum Mundra, Ruth Uwaifo Oyelere
published in: Housing Studies, 2019, 34:1, 162-187
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9905
Cutting Fertility? The Effect of Cesarean Deliveries on Subsequent Fertility and Maternal Labor Supply
Martin Halla, Harald Mayr, Gerald J. Pruckner, Pilar Garcia-Gomez
forthcoming in: Journal of Health Economics
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9903
Mortality Inequality: The Good News from a County-Level Approach
Janet Currie, Hannes Schwandt
Journal of Economic Perspectives, May 2016, Vol. 30(2): 29-52
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9746
China's Family Planning Policies and Their Labor Market Consequences
Fei Wang, Liqiu Zhao, Zhong Zhao
revised version published in: Journal of Population Economics, 2017, 30(1), 31-68 [Details & Download]
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9671
Why Wait? A Century of Education, Marriage Timing and Gender Roles
Murat Iyigun, Jeanne Lafortune
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9618
Fiscal Sustainability and Demographic Change: A Micro Approach for 27 EU Countries
Mathias Dolls, Karina Doorley, Alari Paulus, Hilmar Schneider, Sebastian Siegloch, Eric Sommer
published in: International Tax and Public Finance, 2017, 24 (4), 575-615 doi:10.1007/s10797-017-9462-3
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9590
Intergenerational Educational Mobility in Turkey
Aysit Tansel
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9338
A "Healthy Immigrant Effect" or a "Sick Immigrant Effect"? Selection and Policies Matter
Amelie F. Constant, Teresa García-Muñoz, Shoshana Neuman, Tzahi Neuman
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9299
Short and Long-Term Effects of Unemployment on Fertility
Janet Currie, Hannes Schwandt
published in: PNAS, 2014, 111(41), 14734-14739.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9214
The Competitive Earning Incentive for Sons: Evidence from Migration in China
Wenchao Li, Junjian Yi
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8917
The Evolution of Hourly Compensation in Canada between 1980 and 2010
Jean-Yves Duclos, Mathieu Pellerin
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8779
Burden or Relief? Fiscal Impacts of Recent Ukrainian Migration to Poland
Pawel Kaczmarczyk
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8754
Micro and Macro Determinants of Health: Older Immigrants in Europe
Amelie F. Constant, Teresa García-Muñoz, Shoshana Neuman, Tzahi Neuman
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8743
Migration and the Demographic Shift
Anzelika Zaiceva, Klaus F. Zimmermann
substantially revised version published in: Piggott, J. and A. Woodland (Eds.), Handbook of the Economics of Population Aging, Elsevier, North Holland, 2016, Vol. 1A, Ch. 3, 119-177.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8727
Baby-Boom, Baby-Bust and the Great Depression
Andriana Bellou, Emanuela Cardia
see authors' personal websites for updated versions
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8682
New Directions in Immigration Policy: Canada's Evolving Approach to the Selection of Economic Immigrants
Ana Ferrer, Garnett Picot, W. Craig Riddell
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8613
Gender, Time-Use, and Fertility Recovery in Industrialized Countries
Javier García-Manglano, Natalia Nollenberger, Almudena Sevilla
published in: International Encyclopedia of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2nd Edition
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8434
Zukünftige Fachkräfteengpässe in Deutschland?
Vanessa Dräger
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8394
One-Child Policy and the Rise of Man-Made Twins
Wei Huang, Xiaoyan Lei, Yaohui Zhao
published in: Review of Economics and Statistics, 2016, 93 (3), 467 -476
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8351
Aging and Migration in a Transition Economy: The Case of China
Örn B. Bodvarsson, Jack W. Hou, Kailing Shen
forthcoming as 'Aging and Migration: Micro and Macro Evidence from China' in: Frontiers of Economics in China, w
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8204
The Effects of the Great Recession on Teenagers' Risky Health Behaviors and Time Use
Sabrina Wulff Pabilonia
published as 'Teenagers’ Risky Health Behaviors and Time Use During the Great Recession' in: Review of Economics of the Household, 2017, 15(3), 945–964, https://doi.org/10.1007.s1150-015-9297-6
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8199
Human Capital Mobility: Implications for Efficiency, Income Distribution, and Policy
David Wildasin
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8197
Cohort Size and Youth Employment Outcomes
David Newhouse, Claudia Wolff
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8192
Skills and Youth Entrepreneurship in Africa: Analysis with Evidence from Swaziland
Zuzana Brixiova, Mthuli Ncube, Zorobabel Bicaba
revised version published in: World Development, 2015, 67 (3), 11 - 26
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8152
Education and Self-Employment: South Asian Immigrants in the US Labor Market
Nabamita Dutta, Saibal Kar, Sanjukta Roy
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8120
Can Dreams Come True? Eliminating Extreme Poverty in Africa by 2030
Mthuli Ncube, Zuzana Brixiova, Zorobabel Bicaba
revised version published as 'Can Extreme Poverty be Eliminated in Sub-Saharan Africa by 2030?' in: Journal of African Development, 2017, 19 (2), 93 - 110
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8092
Immigrants and Religion
Carmel U. Chiswick
published in: Barry R. Chiswick and Paul W. Miller (eds.), Handbook on the Economics of International Immigration, 1A, Elsevier, 2015
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8076
Why is Old Workers' Labor Market More Volatile? Unemployment Fluctuations over the Life-Cycle
Jean-Olivier Hairault, François Langot, Thepthida Sopraseuth
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8068
The Role of Coresidency with Adult Children in the Labor Force Participation Decisions of Older Men and Women in China
Rachel Connelly, Margaret Maurer-Fazio, Dandan Zhang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8067
Female Brain Drains and Women's Rights Gaps: A Gravity Model Analysis of Bilateral Migration Flows
Maryam Naghsh Nejad, Andrew T. Young
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8026
Shrinking Regions in a Shrinking Country: The Geography of Population Decline in Lithuania 2001-2011
Rūta Ubarevičienė, Maarten van Ham, Donatas Burneika
published in: Urban Studies Research, 2106, Article 5395379 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5395379)
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7999
A Validation Study of Transgenerational Effects of Childhood Conditions on the Third Generation Offspring's Economic and Health Outcomes Potentially Driven by Epigenetic Imprinting
Gerard J. van den Berg, Pia Pinger
revised version published in: Economics and Human Biology, 2016, 23, 103-120
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7982
Immigrants and Demography: Marriage, Divorce, and Fertility
Alicia Adsera, Ana Ferrer
published in: Barry R. Chiswick and Paul W. Miller (eds.), Handbook on the Economics of International Immigration, 1A, Elsevier, 2015
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7915
A Balancing Act at Times of Austerity: Matching the Supply and Demand for Skills in the Greek Labour Market
Konstantinos Pouliakas
Revised version published in: Pouliakas, K. and Psifidou, I. 2015, 'Greece: Vocational education and training in economic change', Education in the European Union Pre-2003 Member States: Bloomsbury Publishing
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7895
Marry Your Like: Assortative Mating and Income Inequality
Jeremy Greenwood, Nezih Guner, Georgi Kocharkov, Cezar Santos
published in: American Economic Review: Papers & Proceedings, 2014, 104(5), 348-353
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7864
Institutionalized Inequality and Brain Drain: An Empirical Study of the Effects of Women's Rights on the Gender Gap in High-Skilled Migration
Maryam Naghsh Nejad
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7855
A Demographic Dividend for Sub-Saharan Africa: Source, Magnitude, and Realization
David E. Bloom, Salal Humair, Larry Rosenberg, J.P. Sevilla, James Trussell
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7829
How to Combine the Entry of Young People in the Labour Market with the Retention of Older Workers?
Werner Eichhorst, Tito Boeri, An De Coen, Vincenzo Galasso, Michael J. Kendzia, Nadia Steiber
published in: [IZA Journal of European Labor Studies], 2014, 3(19)
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7825
The US Labor Market in 2030: A Scenario Based on Current Trends in Supply and Demand
Rebecca Edwards, Fabian Lange
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7778
Immigration in Europe: Trends, Policies and Empirical Evidence
Sara de la Rica, Albrecht Glitz, Francesc Ortega
published in: Barry Chiswick and Paul Miller (eds.): Handbook on the Economics of International Migration, 1B, 2014
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7710
Women Labor Market Participation in Europe: Novel Evidence on Trends and Shaping Factors
Angela Cipollone, Eleonora Patacchini, Giovanna Vallanti
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7700
A Gravity Model of Migration between ENC and EU
Raul Ramos, Jordi Surinach
published in: Tijdschrift Voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 2017, 108 (1), 21-35
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7571
A Provocative Perspective on Population Aging and Old-Age Financial Protection
Robert Holzmann
published in: Malaysian Journal of Economic Studies 2013 50 (2): 107-137. Updated and revised Chinese translation in 劳动经济研究 (Studies in Labor Economics, Vol. 2, No. 4, 2014: 21-52, Chinese Academy of Social Science)
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7546
Older Workers and Working Time
David N.F. Bell, Alasdair C. Rutherford
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7468
Determinants of Immigrant Homeownership: Examining their Changing Role during the Great Recession and Beyond
Kusum Mundra, Ruth Uwaifo Oyelere
published in: International Migration Review, 2018, 52(3), 648-694
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7467
Youth Employment in Africa: New Evidence and Policies from Swaziland
Zuzana Brixiova, Thierry Kangoye
published in: M. A. Malo and D. Sciulli (eds.), Disadvantaged Workers: Empirical Evidence and Labour Policies, AIEL Series in Labour Economics, Springer, 2014
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