The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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5,792 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16425
Adult Education Attendance and Postsecondary Outcomes
Thomas Kouwe, David C. Ribar, Daphne Greenberg, Yiwei Duan
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16423
Suspended from Work and School? Impacts of Layoff Events and Unemployment Insurance on Student Disciplinary Incidence
Riley Acton, Jo Al Khafaji-King, Austin C. Smith
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16419
Race and the Income-Achievement Gap
Ryan Bacic, Angela Zheng
pubished in: Economic Inquiry, 2024, 62 (1), 5- 23
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16411
The Growing Gap of Unmet Need: Assessing the Demand for, and Supply of, Home-Based Support for Older Adults with Disabilities in 31 Countries
Yuting Qian, Shanquan Chen, Zhuoer Lin, Zexuan Yu, Mengxiao Wang, Xiaohui Hou, Xi Chen
also available as 'Silver Opportunity : Case Studies - The Growing Gap of Unmet Need : Assessing the Demand for, and Supply of, Home-Based Support for Older Adults with Disabilities in Thirty-One Countries', World Bank Report, 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16410
Running Up That Hill: Fitness in the Face of Recession
Kerry L. Papps, Alex Bryson, J. James Reade
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16405
Skills, Majors, and Jobs: Does Higher Education Respond?
Johnathan G. Conzelmann, Steven W. Hemelt, Brad J. Hershbein, Shawn Martin, Andrew Simon, Kevin Stange
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16404
Humans versus Chatbots: Scaling-up Behavioral Interventions to Reduce Teacher Shortages
Nicolas Ajzenman, Gregory Elacqua, Analía Jaimovich, Graciela Pérez-Núñez
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16403
"Invisible Killer": Seasonal Allergies and Accidents
Mika Akesaka, Hitoshi Shigeoka
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16399
Is Patience Malleable via Educational Intervention? Evidence on the Role of Age in Field Experiments
Tim Kaiser, Lukas Menkhoff, Luis Oberrauch
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16398
When Effective Teacher Training Falls Short in the Classroom: Evidence from an Experiment in Primary Schools
Suzanne Bellue, Adrien Bouguen, Marc Gurgand, Valerie Munier, André Tricot
published in: Economics of Education Review, 2024,103,102599
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16397
Youth Labor Force Participation, Education, and Human Capital in Asia, by Gender, 1990-2019
Barbara M. Fraumeni
published in: Indian Economic Review, 2024, 59, 69 - 94
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16395
The Economics of Abortion Policy
Damian Clarke
published online in: The Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Economics and Finance, 18 June 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16392
Group Meetings and Boosters to Sustain Early Impacts on Child Development: Experimental Evidence from Kenya
Italo Lopez Garcia, Jill E. Luoto, Frances E. Aboud, Lia C.H. Fernald
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16388
Gender Identity, Race, and Ethnicity-Based Discrimination in Access to Mental Health Care: Evidence from an Audit Correspondence Field Experiment
Luca Fumarco, Benjamin Harrell, Patrick Button, David J. Schwegman, E Dils
revised version published in: American Journal of Health Economics, 2024, 10 (2), 182–214
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16387
The Effect of Universal Free School Meals on Child BMI
Will Davis, Daniel Kreisman, Tareena Musaddiq
published in. Education Finance & Policy, 2024, 19 (3), 461 - 491
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16386
Housing Unaffordability and Adolescent Academic Achievement in Urban China
Peng Nie, Qiaoge Li, Lanlin Ding, Alfonso Sousa-Poza
published online in: Applied Economics, 21 August 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16385
The Inheritance of Historical Trauma: Intergenerational Effects of Early-Life Exposure to Famine on Mental Health
Zihan Zhang, Jun Hyung Kim
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16384
The Effect of Classroom Rank on Learning throughout Elementary School: Experimental Evidence from Ecuador
Pedro Carneiro, Yyannu Cruz Aguayo, Francesca Salvati, Norbert Schady
published in: Journal of Labor Economics, 2025, 43 (2), 293-663
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16379
Non-monetary Interventions, Workforce Retention and Hospital Quality: Evidence from the English NHS
Giuseppe Moscelli, Melisa Sayli, Jo Blanden, Marco Mello, Henrique Castro-Pires, Chris Bojke
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16378
The Short and Medium Term Effects of Full-Day Schooling on Learning and Maternal Labor Supply
Giulia Bovini, Niccolò Cattadori, Marta De Philippis, Paolo Sestito
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16375
School Starting Age and the Impact on School Admission
Julio Cáceres-Delpiano, Eugenio Giolito
published in: Empirical Economics, 2024, 67, 225–251
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16374
Persistence of the Spillover Effects of Violence and Educational Trajectories
María Padilla-Romo, Cecilia Peluffo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16370
The Dynastic Benefits of Early Childhood Education: Participant Benefits and Family Spillovers
Frederik H. Bennhoff, Jorge Luis García, Duncan Ermini Leaf
published in: Human Capital, 2024, 18 (1), 44-73.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16367
When It Hurts the Most: Timing of Parental Job Loss and a Child's Education
Paul Bingley, Lorenzo Cappellari, Marco Ovidi
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16366
CEO Stress, Aging, and Death
Mark Borgschulte, Marius Guenzel, Canyao Liu, Ulrike Malmendier
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16358
Activating Change: The Role of Information and Beliefs in Social Activism
Farzana Afridi, Ahana Basistha, Amrita Dhillon, Danila Serra
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16355
Were COVID and the Great Recession Well-Being Reducing?
David G. Blanchflower, Alex Bryson
published in: PloS ONE, 2024, 19 (11), e0305347
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16350
An Ounce of Prevention for a Pound of Cure: Efficiency of Community-Based Healthcare
Antonella Bancalari, Pedro Bernal, Pablo Celhay, Sebastian Martinez, Maria Deni Sánchez
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16336
Debt Relief for the Financially Vulnerable: Impact on Employment, Welfare Receipt, and Mental Health
Ernst-Jan de Bruijn, Heike Vethaak, Pierre Koning, Marike Knoef
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16332
Do Primary Healthcare Facilities in More Remote Areas Provide More Medical Services? Spatial Evidence from Rural Western China
Chi Shen, Sha Lai, Qiwei Deng, Dan Cao, Dantong Zhao, Yaxin Zhao, Zhongliang Zhou, Wanyue Dong, Xi Chen
published in: Health & Social Care in the Community, 2023, 6131486
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16331
How Does Gender Quota Shape Gender Attitudes?
Yen-Chien Chen, Elliott Fan, Yu-Hsin Ho, Matthew Yi-Hsiu Lee, Jin-Tan Liu
published in: Journal of Development Economics, 2025, 174, 103451.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16329
Exposure to the One-Child Policy and Fertility among Chinese Immigrants to the US
Siyuan Lin, Laura M. Argys, Susan L. Averett
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16328
Maternal Education and Early Child Development: The Roles of Parental Support for Learning, Learning Materials, and Father Characteristics
Yusuf Emre Akgündüz, Pelin Akyol, Abdurrahman B. Aydemir, Murat Demirci, Murat Güray Kirdar
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16326
The Impact of the Transition and EU Membership on the Returns to Schooling in Europe
Harry Anthony Patrinos, Angelica Rivera-Olvera
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16322
Air Pollution and Education Investment
Zhiming Cheng, Liwen Guo, Massimiliano Tani, Sarah Cook
published in: Energy Economics 2024, 132, 107496,
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16320
Environmental Policy and Gender Health Gap
Liwen Guo, Zhiming Cheng, Massimiliano Tani, Sarah Cook
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16316
Air Pollution and Agricultural Productivity in a Developing Country
Joshua D. Merfeld
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16312
Accident-Induced Absence from Work and Wage Ladders
Aniko Biro, Márta Bisztray, João G. da Fonseca, Tímea Laura Molnár
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16310
Education and Later-Life Mortality: Evidence from a School Reform in Japan
Kazuya Masuda, Hitoshi Shigeoka
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16309
Mental Health in European Economics Departments
Elisa Macchi, Clara Sievert, Valentin Bolotnyy, Paul Barreira
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16308
Back to Edgeworth? Estimating the Value of Time Using Hedonic Experiences
Christian Krekel, George MacKerron
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16307
Social Connections and COVID-19 Vaccination
Arnab K. Basu, Nancy H. Chau, Oleg Firsin
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16302
C-Sections, Obesity, and Health-Care Specialization: Evidence from Mexico
Catalina Herrera-Almanza, Fernanda Marquez-Padilla, Silvia Prina
published in: World Bank Economic Review, 2024, 38 (1), 139 - 160
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16301
The Profit Motive in the Classroom - Friend or Foe?
Niklas Elert, Magnus Henrekson
published in: Journal of School Choice, 2024, 19 (1), 163–186
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16300
The Education-Health Gradient: Revisiting the Role of Socio-Emotional Skills
Mette Gørtz, Miriam Gensowski
published in: Journal of Health Economics, 2024, 97, 102911
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16299
Short-Term Labor Supply Response to the Timing of Transfer Payments: Evidence from the SNAP Program
Mindy Marks, Silvia Prina, Redina Tahaj
published in: Labour Economics, 2024, 91, 102646
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16294
Certification and Recertification in Welfare Programs: What Happens When Automation Goes Wrong?
Derek Wu, Bruce D. Meyer
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16291
The Political Effects of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic in Weimar Germany
Stefan Bauernschuster, Matthias Blum, Erik Hornung, Christoph Koenig
published in: Explorations in Economic History, 2025, 96, 101648.
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16288
The Oral Contraceptive Pill and Adolescents' Mental Health
Ana Costa-Ramón, N. Meltem Daysal, Ana Rodríguez-González
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16287
Later-Life Mortality and the Repeal of Federal Prohibition
David S. Jacks, Krishna Pendakur, Hitoshi Shigeoka, Anthony Wray
published in: Journal of Public Economics, 2024, 238, 105192
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16286
Natural Resources, Demand for Skills, and Schooling Choices
Aline Bütikofer, Antonio Dalla-Zuanna, Kjell G. Salvanes
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16285
Welfare Reform and Migrant's Long-Term Labor Market Integration
Johannes S. Kunz, Anna Zhu
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16280
(Breaking) Intergenerational Transmission of Mental Health
Aline Bütikofer, Rita Ginja, Krzysztof Karbownik, Fanny Landaud
published in: Journal of Human Resources, 2024, 59 (S), S108-S151
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16270
Universal Investments in Toddler Health. Learning from a Large Government Trial
Jennifer L. Baker, Lise G. Bjerregaard, Christian M. Dahl, Torben S. D. Johansen, Emil N. Sørensen, Miriam Wüst
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16264
Covid-19 and Income Inequality in OECD Countries: A Methodological Comment
Oded Stark
published in: European Journal of Health Economics, 2023, 24, 1235–1237
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16263
Assessing the Fertility Effects of Childcare Cost Subsidies: Evidence from the Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit
Susan L. Averett, Yang Wang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16258
Spillover Effects of Black Teachers on White Teachers' Racial Competency: Mixed Methods Evidence from North Carolina
Seth Gershenson, Constance A. Lindsay, Nicholas W. Papageorge, Romaine A. Campbell, Jessica H. Rendon
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16255
China's Urban Poor – Comparing Twice Poverty between Residents and Migrants in 2013 and 2018
Björn Anders Gustafsson, Ding Sai
published in: China Economic Review, 2023, 80, 102012
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16253
Fatal Errors: The Mortality Value of Accurate Weather Forecasts
Jeffrey G. Shrader, Laura Bakkensen, Derek Lemoine
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16252
Improving School Management in Low and Middle Income Countries: A Systematic Review
Gautam Anand, Aishwarya Atluri, Lee Crawfurd, Todd Pugatch, Ketki Sheth
published in: Economics of Education Review, 2023, 97, 102464
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16251
Mobility Restrictions and Alcohol Use during Lockdown: 'A Still and Dry Pandemic for the Many'?
Martina Celidoni, Joan Costa-Font, Luca Salmasi
published in: Economics & Human Biology, 2023, 50,101268
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16250
Sibling Spillovers May Enhance the Efficacy of Targeted School Policies
David N. Figlio, Krzysztof Karbownik, Umut Özek
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16249
The Fast and the Studious? Ramadan Observance and Student Performance
Kyra Hanemaaijer, Olivier Marie, Marco Musumeci
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16248
Financial Incentives and Private Health Insurance Demand on the Extensive and Intensive Margins
Nathan Kettlewell, Yuting Zhang
published in: Journal of Health Economics, 2024, 94, 102863
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16247
Access to Guns in the Heat of the Moment: More Restrictive Gun Laws Mitigate the Effect of Temperature on Violence
Jonathan Colmer, Jennifer Doleac
published online in: Review of Economics and Statistics, 29 November 2023
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16245
Political Backlash to Refugee Settlement: Cultural and Economic Drivers
Francesco Campo, Sara Giunti, Mariapia Mendola, Giulia Tura
forthcoming in: Journal of Public Economics
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16243
Medical Brain Drain – Assessing the Role of Job Attributes and Individual Traits
Marco Bertoni, Debdeep Chattopadhyay, Yuanyuan Gu
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16242
Does Internal Locus of Control Get You Out of Homelessness?
Santiago Budría, Alejandro Betancourt-Odio, Eszter Wirth
published in: Economic Letters, 2023, 230, 111249
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16241
Feelings in Travel Episodes and Extreme Temperatures
Ignacio Belloc, José Ignacio Gimenez-Nadal, José Alberto Molina
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16239
Bridging the Gap: Mismatch Effects and Catch-up Dynamics in a Brazilian College Affirmative Action
Rodrigo Oliveira, Alei Santos, Edson Severnini
published in: Economics of Education Review, 2024, 98, 102501
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16237
The Effects of an Unconditional Cash Transfer on Mental Health in the United States
Clemente Pignatti, Zachary Parolin
published in: Healthl Economics, 2024, 33 (10), 2253-2287
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16236
The Impact of Lead Exposure on Fertility, Infant Mortality, and Infant Birth Outcomes
Karen Clay, Alex Hollingsworth, Edson Severnini
published in: Review of Environmental Economics and Policy; 2024, 18 (2), 301–320
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16235
Disability Insurance Screening and Worker Outcomes
Alexander Ahammer, Analisa Packham
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16234
Pricing Neighborhoods
Sadegh S. M. Eshaghnia, James J. Heckman, Goya Razavi
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16232
Learning during the Pandemic: Evidence from Uzbekistan
Syedah Aroob Iqbal, Harry Anthony Patrinos
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16228
When Death Was Postponed: The Effect of HIV Medication on Work, Savings, and Marriage
Mette Ejrnæs, Esteban García-Miralles, Mette Gørtz, Petter Lundborg
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16226
Household and Individual Economic Responses to Different Health Shocks: The Role of Medical Innovations
Volha Lazuka
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16223
The Rising Influence of Family Background on Early School Performance
Simen Markussen, Knut Røed
published in: Economics of Education Review, 2023, 97, article 102491
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16221
Taking a Chance on Workers: Evidence on the Effects and Mechanisms of Subsidized Employment from an RCT
Tania Barham, Brian C. Cadena, Patrick S Turner
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16217
Disability, Gender and Hiring Discrimination: A Field Experiment
Vegar Bjørnshagen, Dan-Olof Rooth, Elisabeth Ugreninov
published online in: European Societies, 01 January 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16214
Information Campaign on Arsenic Poisoning: Unintended Consequences in Marriage Market
Shyamal Chowdhury, Prachi Singh
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16209
Health and Wellbeing Spillovers of a Partner's Cancer Diagnosis
Viola Angelini, Joan Costa-Font
published in: Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organisation, 2023, 212, 422 - 437
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16208
Fertility, Son-Preference, and the Reversal of the Gender Gap in Literacy/Numeracy Tests
Minhee Chae, Xin Meng, Sen Xue
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16203
Managerial Practices and Student Performance: Evidence from Changes in School Principals
Adriana Di Liberto, Ludovica Giua, Fabiano Schivardi, Marco Sideri, Giovanni Sulis
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16198
First Generation College Students and Peer Effects
Michael S. Kofoed, Todd R. Jones
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16197
Playing the System: Address Manipulation and Access to Schools
Andreas Bjerre-Nielsen, Lykke Sterll Christensen, Mikkel Høst Gandil, Hans Henrik Sievertsen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16195
The Effects of the 2010 Haiti Earthquake on Children's Nutrition and Education
Marina Dodlova, Michelle Escobar Carias, Michael Grimm
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16194
The Intergenerational Persistence of Poverty in High-Income Countries
Zachary Parolin, Rafael Pintro Schmitt, Gøsta Esping-Andersen, Peter Fallesen
published as 'Intergenerational persistence of poverty in five high-income countries' in: Nature Human Behaviour, 2025, 9, 254–267
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16193
Entitled to Property: How Breaking the Gender Barrier Improves Child Health in India
Md Shahadath Hossain, Plamen Nikolov
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16192
Who Benefits from Tuition-Free, Top-Quality Universities? Evidence from Brazil
Suzanne Duryea, Rafael Perez Ribas, Breno Sampaio, Gustavo R. Sampaio, Giuseppe Trevisan
published in: Economics of Education Review, 2023, 96, 102423
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16187
Socioemotional Development during Adolescence: Evidence from a Large Macro Shock
Ghazala Azmat, Katja Maria Kaufmann, Yasemin Özdemir
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16186
Labor Supply Effects of a Universal Cash Transfer
Jan Gromadzki
published in: Journal of Public Economics, 2024, 239, 105248
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16183
Driving, Dropouts, and Drive-Throughs: Mobility Restrictions and Teen Human Capital
Valerie Bostwick, Christopher Severen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16182
Spouses as Home Health Workers and Cooks: Insights for Applied Research
Shoshana Grossbard
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16181
Erasmus Program and Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from a Fuzzy Regression Discontinuity Design
Marco Alberto De Benedetto, Maria De Paola, Vincenzo Scoppa, Janna Smirnova
published in: Labour Economics, 2025, 93, 102675
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16180
Overconfident Boys: The Gender Gap in Mathematics Self-Assessment
Anna Adamecz, John Jerrim, Jean-Baptiste Pingault, Nikki Shure
published as 'Peers, parents, and self-perceptions: the gender gap in mathematics self-assessment' in: Journal of Population Economics, 2025, 38, 33 (2025)
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16175
Temperature and Joint Time Use
Sam Cosaert, Adrián Nieto, Konstantinos Tatsiramos
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16172
Does a Flexible Parental Leave System Stimulate Maternal Employment?
Lennart Ziegler, Omar Bamieh
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16168
Perceived Ability and School Choices: Experimental Evidence and Scale-up Effects
Matteo Bobba, Veronica Frisancho, Marco Pariguana
this paper is an updated version of IZA DP No. 10360 (2016).
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16167
Impact of Early Childhood School Intervention on Enrollment and Learning Outcomes: Evaluation of a Public Program in India
Nilanjan Bhattacharya, Debayan Pakrashi, Sarani Saha, Soham Sahoo
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