The IZA Discussion Paper Series (ISSN: 2365-9793) disseminates high-quality research by IZA network members to the scientific community and the interested public worldwide before they are later published in academic journals. Comprising more than 17,000 papers, IZA's publication flagship is the most influential working paper series in labor economics.

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5,774 IZA Discussion Papers
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18244
Unpacking the Countercyclicality of Post-Secondary Enrollment in the United States
Alena Bicakova, Matias Cortes, Kelly Foley, Jacopo Mazza, Peter McHenry
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18242
Casting a Long Shadow: How Parental Risky Behaviors Impair Child Development in Russia
Lucia Mangiavacchi, Luca Piccoli, Steven Stillman
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18238
The Lasting Effects of Working While in School: A Long-Term Follow-Up
Mery Ferrando, Noemi Katzkowicz, Thomas Le Barbanchon, Diego Ubfal
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18236
Employing Data Imputation to Track Poverty and Welfare Trends over Extended Time Periods: An Application to a Poorer Country
Hai-Anh H Dang, Cuong Viet Nguyen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18231
First-Generation Graduates in OECD Countries
Alessandro Fabbri, Michele Pellizzari
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18227
Daily Recovery Experiences of Japanese Small Business Owners and the Link with Well-Being and Ill-Being
Roy Thurik, Masatoshi Kato, Peter van der Zwan, Chihiro Kageura
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18226
Stereotypes, Awareness, and STEM Major Choice
Maria De Paola, Patrizia Ordine, Giuseppe Rose
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18223
Unequal Expression: Social Position, APOE Genotype and Risk of Dementia
José M. Aravena, Xi Chen, Becca R. Levy
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18219
Recession and Resilience: Labor Market Consequences of Starting College in a Bad Economy
Eleanor J. Choi, Daeyoung Jeong, Chae Lee, Kyuseob Yu
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18215
Bridging Language Barriers: The Impact of Large Language Models on Academic Writing
Burak Dalaman, Ali Furkan Kalay, Nathan Kettlewell
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18214
In BRAC We Trust? Comparing Schools for Disadvantaged Students in Dhaka’s Slums
John C. Ham, Saima Khan
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18213
Immigration, Search, and Redistribution: A Conjecture
Oded Stark, Lukasz Byra
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18209
Gender Identity, Norms, and Happiness
Natalia Danzer, Rachel Kranton, Piotr Larysz, Claudia Senik
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18208
Freed from the Boys: How Single-Sex Schooling Shapes Girls’ Effort and Performance in High-Stakes Exams
Caterina Calsamiglia, Yarine Fawaz, Daniel Fernández-Kranz, Junhee Lee
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18201
Minimum Unit Pricing, Alcohol Consumption and Infant Health: Evidence from the Alice Springs Liquor Supply Plan
Steve Guthridge, Stefanie Schurer, Paige J. Taylor
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18194
Parental Leave and Intimate Partner Violence
Dan Anderberg, Line Hjorth Andersen, N. Meltem Daysal, Mette Ejrnæs
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18189
Public Gains, Private Strains: Public Investment and Private Schooling in Peru
Sonja Fagernäs, Diego de la Fuente Stevens, Panu Pelkonen, Juan Manuel del Pozo Segura
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18188
Caring Connections in Italy: The Role of Immigrant Caregivers in Improving the Welfare of Elders and Reducing Public Health Costs
Lisa Capretti, Joanna Kopinska, Rama Dasi Mariani, Furio C. Rosati
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18187
Working from Home and Mental Health: Giving Employees a Choice Does Make a Difference
Uwe Jirjahn, Cinzia Rienzo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18186
Worker Beliefs about Firm Training
Hanna Brosch, Philipp Lergetporer, Florian Schoner
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18182
Economic Development in the 21st Century
Carmel U. Chiswick
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18180
Stress Perception of Higher Education Students: A Socioeconomic Analysis of Stress-Related Demands and Resources During Two Different Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Dennis H. Meier, Stephan L. Thomsen, Martina Kroher
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18178
International Student Migration: Did Brexit Close the Door to EU Students?
Joanna Clifton-Sprigg, Ines Homburg, Anneleen Huyghe, Suncica Vujic
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18177
The Urban Learning Premium - Evidence from Peru
Sonja Fagernäs, Panu Pelkonen, Juan Manuel del Pozo Segura
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18176
The Immediate and Lasting Effects of Heat Waves On Workers
Hannah Klauber, Nicolas Koch, Nico Pestel
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18174
What Did We Learn from the North American Income Maintenance Experiments? New Data and Evidence on Household Behavior and Labor Supply
Chris Riddell, W. Craig Riddell
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18171
Private Highs: Investigating University Overmatch Among Students from Elite Schools
Jo Blanden, Oliver Cassagneau-Francis, Lindsey Macmillan, Gill Wyness
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18170
Supporting Families, Empowering Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial on Social Inclusion
Laura Hospido, Begoña Varela
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18169
Bridging Welfare and Work: Assessing Intensive Job Placement for Minimum Income Recipients
Yarine Fawaz, Laura Hospido, Júlia Martí Llobet
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18168
Reversing the School to Prison Pipeline: The Impact of an Adult High School Program
Emily Merola, David Phillips, Patrick S Turner
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18167
Ageing, Health and Predicting Future Employment Exits: A Penalised Regression Approach
Apostolos Davillas, Andrew M. Jones
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18165
Hotter Days, Wider Gap: The Distributional Impact of Heat on Student Achievement
Mika Akesaka, Hitoshi Shigeoka
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18163
Exposing the Gap: Gender Inequality in Occupational Pension Coverage and Income Across Europe
Nick Deschacht, Inés Guillemyn, Suncica Vujic
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18161
Extreme Temperatures, Health and Retirement
Andrea Albanese, Olivier Deschenes, Christina Gathmann, Adrian Nieto Castro
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18159
Shaping Future Success: Evidence from an Early Childhood Human Capital Formation Intervention
Deepak Saraswat, Shwetlena Sabarwal, Lindsey Lacey, Natasha Jha, Nishith Prakash, Rachel Cohen
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18156
Returns to Education in Greece: Causal Evidence from the 1977 Labor Market Survey
Harry Anthony Patrinos
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18155
Moving for Good: Educational Gains from Leaving Violence Behind
María Padilla-Romo, Cecilia Peluffo
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18151
COVID-19 Induced Asian Discrimination and Health: What Can We Learn from Reported Health Status?
Abdihafit Shaeye, Ruth Uwaifo Oyelere
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18150
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) Participation and Cognitive Decline Among Older Americans
Linlin Da, Zhezheng Jin, Qianhui Xu, Lisa M. Renzi-Hammond, Zhuo Chen, M. Mahmud Khan, Janani Rajbhandari-Thapa, Xi Chen, Bei Wu, Suhang Song
published online in: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 25 September 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18149
Public Payment Mandates and Provider Supply
Lauren Hoehn-Velasco, Yu-Ting Huang, Olanrewaju Yusuff
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18144
Disasters and Tightness of Social Norms: The Case of Female Genital Cutting
Marianna Battaglia, John Egyir, Jorge Garcia-Hombrados
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18143
AI Business Applications Training and Business Outcomes: An Inclusive Intervention for Underrepresented Entrepreneurs
Nick Drydakis
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18142
The Effects of Minimum Wage Increases on Poverty and Food Hardship
Lukas Lehner, Hannah Massenbauer, Zachary Parolin, Rafael Pintro Schmitt
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18141
Gender Identity Norms, Mental Health, and Relationship Strain
David W. Johnston, Rachel Knott, Nidhiya Menon
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18138
The Formation of AI Capital in Higher Education: Enhancing Students’ Academic Performance and Employment Rates
Nick Drydakis
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18134
Vocational Education, Earnings and Job Satisfaction in Europe
Seamus McGuinness, Lorcan Kelly, Anne Devlin, Adele Whelan
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18132
The Shift from Persistent Inequality to Earnings Instability in Belgium
Maisarah Wizan, Denisa M. Sologon, Sarah Marchal
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18130
The Effect of Broadband Internet on Mental Health-Related Disability Insurance Claims
Sofía Fernández Guerrico, Ilan Tojerow
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18126
Violence at School
Josefa Aguirre, Fernanda Ramírez-Espinoza, Roman Andres Zarate
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18123
The Enduring Legacy of Educational Institutions: Evidence from Hyanggyo in Pre-Modern Korea
Yeonha Jung, Minki Kim, Munseob Lee
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18121
No Payoff from Time Off? Mandated Paid Vacation and Late-Career Employment
Simon Bensnes, Øystein Hernaes, Max-Emil M. King
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18118
Early Effects of Cognitive-Impairment Friendly Community on Health Care Utilization in China: Evidence from Administrative Data
Jingyi Ai, Xi Chen, Jin Feng, Yufei Xie
published in: Social Science & Medicine, 2025, 385, 118570
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18117
Investing in Human Capital During Wartime: Experimental Evidence from Ukraine
Lelys Dinarte Diaz, James Gresham, Renata Lemos, Harry Anthony Patrinos, Rony Rodriguez-Ramirez
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18114
Aggregating Epigenetic Clocks to Study Human Capital Formation
Giorgia Menta, Pietro Biroli, Divya Mehta, Conchita D'Ambrosio, Deborah A. Cobb-Clark
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18113
The Heterosis Effect in Human Capital and Wealth Accumulation
Chen Zhu, Petri Böckerman
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18112
Social Substitution? Time Use Responses to Increased Workplace Isolation
Benjamin Cowan, Todd R. Jones
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18104
Long-Term Care Insurance Policy and Development of Elderly Care Enterprises in China
Tianli Yang, Zhong Zhao
published online in: China Economic Review, 22 September 2025, 102564
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18100
Calorie Consumption and Wages: Evidence from India’s Labor Market
Kaushalendra Kumar, Ashish Singh, Santosh Kumar Gautam, Abhishek Singh
published in: Economic Modelling, 2025, 152, 107279
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18099
Political Views and College Choices in a Polarized America
Riley Acton, Emily E. Cook, Paola Ugalde Araya
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18092
Pipeline vs. Choice: The Global Gender Gap in STEM Applications
Isaac Ahimbisibwe, Adam Altjmed, Georgy Artemov, Andres Barrios-Fernandez, Aspasia Bizopoulou, Martti Kaila, Jin-Tan Liu, Rigissa Megalokonomou, Jose Montalban, Christopher A. Neilson, Jintao Sun, Sebastian Otero, Xiaoyang Ye
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18090
The Hidden Toll of Airborne Lead: Infant Mortality Impacts of Industrial Lead Pollution
Karen Clay, Edson Severnini, Xiao Wang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18085
Education and Mortality: Evidence for the Silent Generation from Linked Census and Administrative Data
Ciprian Domnisoru, Anna Malinovskaya, Evan J. Taylor
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18083
The Effects of Tenure-Track Systems on Selection and Productivity in Economics
Marco Nieddu, Roberto Nistico, Lorenzo Pandolfi
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18080
The Educational Achievement Penalty from School Exclusion
Neil Rowland, Babak Jahanshahi, Duncan McVicar, Corina Miller
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18078
Germs in the Family: The Short- and Long-Term Consequences of Intra-Household Disease Spread
N. Meltem Daysal, Hui Ding, Maya Rossin-Slater, Hannes Schwandt
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18077
Causal Returns to Education
Harry Anthony Patrinos, George Psacharopoulos
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18074
Quality, Safety, and Disparities of AI Chatbots in Managing Chronic Diseases: Experimental Evidence
Yafei Si, Yurun Meng, Xi Chen, Ruopeng An, Limin Mao, Bingqin Li, Hazel Bateman, Han Zhang, Hongbin Fan, Jiaqi Zu, Shaoqing Gong, Zhongliang Zhou, Yudong Miao
published online in: npj Digital Medicine, 25 September 2025
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18071
Do Elite Universities Pick Sports to Pick Students? Athletic Admissions and SES Targeting
Ahmed El Fatmaoui, Tyler Ransom
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18069
Antidepressant Treatment in Childhood
Sonia R. Bhalotra, N. Meltem Daysal, Mircea Trandafir
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18067
Depth or Diversity? Examining the Longer Run Impacts of College Curriculum Breadth
Kelvin Seah, Jessica Pan, Poh Lin Tan
published in: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2025, 238, 107212
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18064
Orchestrating Success: Music Proficiency, Emotional Intelligence and Mental Health in Young Adulthood
Lucia Mangiavacchi, Luca Piccoli, Giulia Gambardella
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18063
Parenting, Social Norms and Adolescent Risky Behaviors
Donatella Lanari, Lucia Mangiavacchi, Luca Piccoli, Luca Pieroni
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18060
The Burden of Comparison: Relative Socioeconomic Position and Adolescent Socioemotional Development
Giulia Gambardella, Ilham Ben Lenda, Lucia Mangiavacchi, Luca Piccoli
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18059
Management Practices, Workplace Health Promotion and Productivity
Uwe Jirjahn, Jens Mohrenweiser
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18056
Work Orientations and Economics
Milena Nikolova
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18055
Generative AI in Higher Education: Evidence from an Elite College
Zara Contractor, Germán Reyes
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18054
Mine, Theirs or Ours? A Multi-Country Experiment on Citizens’ Motivations to Invest in Mental Health
Pierluigi Conzo, Marina Della Giusta, Florent Dubois, Giacomo Rosso, Giovanni Razzu
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18053
Is There a Devaluation of Degrees? Unobserved Heterogeneity in Returns to Education and Early Experience
Damiano Argan, Robert J. Gary-Bobo, Marion Goussé
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18050
Soccer’s Record on the Road: The Effect of Late-Night Sporting Events on Fatal Car Crashes
James Flynn, Noah Meyers-Richter, Peter Nencka
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18049
Labor Market Shocks, Parental Beliefs, and Children’s Socio-Emotional Development
Maria Josefina Baez, Gianna Claudia Giannelli, Lucia Mangiavacchi
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18046
Stunted Adolescence: The Anomalous Growth Pattern of Americans Born After Mid-Century
Nicholas Reynolds
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18045
A Demarcation of the Gini Coefficient
Oded Stark, Grzegorz Kosiorowski
published as 'A foray into the demarcation of the Gini coefficient' in: Economics Letters, 2025, 254, 112405
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18044
Does Being Excluded from School Harm Student Achievement? Evidence from Siblings in English Population Data
Andrew McLean, Duncan McVicar
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18042
The Causal Impact of School-Meal Programmes on Children in Developed Economies: A Meta-Analysis
Sara Ayllón, Samuel Lado
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18040
‘Sorting’ Out Gender Discrimination and Disadvantage: Evidence from Student Evaluations of Teaching
Sara Ayllón, Lars Lefgren, Richard Patterson, Olga B. Stoddard, Nicolas Urdaneta
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18039
The Wished-For Children: Do Mothers Carry the Burden While Fathers Reap the Joy?
Mathias Huebener, Reto Odermatt
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18037
Short- and Long-Term Effects of Universal Preschool: Evidence from the Arab Population in Israel
Elad DeMalach, Analia Schlosser
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18034
Media Stars: Statistical Significance and Research Impact
Abel Brodeur, Nikolai Cook, Anthony Heyes, Taylor Wright
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18032
Reducing the Digital Divide for Marginalized Households
Guglielmo Barone, Annalisa Loviglio, Denni Tommasi
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18030
From Rural Schools to City Factories: Assessing the Quality of Chinese Rural Schools
Eric A. Hanushek, Le Kang, Xueying Li, Lei Zhang
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18029
Measuring the Unmeasurable? Systematic Evidence on Scale Transformations in Subjective Survey Data
Caspar F. Kaiser, Anthony Lepinteur
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18027
The Mental Health Consequences of Spousal Bereavement
Elena Bassoli, Peter Eibich, Xianhua Zai
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18022
The Time Cost of a Disability
Daniel S. Hamermesh, Michal Myck
published in: Journal of Health Economics, 2025, 104 (103079)
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18018
Using RCTs in Economic Education Research
Todd Pugatch, Elizabeth Schroeder
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18016
School Enrollment Shifts Five Years After the Pandemic
Abigail Francis, Joshua Goodman
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18013
Riskonnected: Social Media, Puberty and Risky Behaviours in Adolescence
Margherita Agnoletto, Marina Della Giusta, Silvia Mendolia
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18011
Disconnecting Women: Gender Disparities in the Impact of Online Instruction
Xiaoyue Shan, Ulf Zölitz, Uschi Backes-Gellner
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18006
Non-Fatal Strangulation Laws and Intimate Partner Homicides
Dércio de Assis, Arpita Ghosh, Sonia Oreffice, Climent Quintana-Domeque
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18004
Childcare as Infrastructure: The Impact of COVID-19 on Childcare and Gender Equity
Alicia Sasser Modestino, Zachary Finn, Jamie Ladge, Alisa Lincoln
IZA Discussion Paper No. 18003
Serving Countries, Shaping Views: Military Conscription and Attitude Towards Immigrants
Giacomo De Luca, Andrea Montalbano, Steven Stillman
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