Claus Schnabel

Research Fellow

University of Erlangen-Nuremberg

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Research Interests

Claus Schnabel has been professor of economics at the Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg since 2000. Since 2015, he is also research professor at the Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH). He studied economics at Hohenheim University, Germany, and at the University of Kent at Canterbury, UK, where he received an M.A. in 1985. He received his doctoral degree in economics from Hohenheim University in 1988 and finished his habilitation at Ruhr University Bochum in 1997. From 1988 to 2000 he worked as researcher and finally as senior economist at the Institut der deutschen Wirtschaft in Cologne.

His main research interests are in the fields of empirical labour economics and industrial relations. Currently, he works on the following topics: trade unions, collective bargaining, wage differentials, codetermination, entrepreneurship, and start-ups. He has published widely in economics, industrial relations and other journals, including the Journal of International Economics, Journal of Labor Economics, Economic Journal, European Sociological Review, Industrial and Labor Relations Review and Labour Economics. He has also published a number of books and edited (with John T. Addison) the International Handbook of Trade Unions.

Claus Schnabel joined IZA as a Research Fellow in July 2006.

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IZA Publications

IZA Discussion Paper No. 17005
The Demise of Works Councils in Germany
Susanne Kohaut, Claus Schnabel
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16604
Unionization of Retired Workers in Europe
Vinzenz Pyka, Claus Schnabel
published online in: European Journal of Industrial Relations, 28 May 2024
IZA Discussion Paper No. 16261
When Are Employers Interested in Electronic Performance Monitoring? Results from a Factorial Survey Experiment
Luisa Wieser, Martin Abraham, Claus Schnabel, Cornelia Niessen, Mauren Wolff
slightly revised version published as "Employers’ Muted Interest in Electronic Performance Monitoring (EPM)" in: S. Pfeiffer et al. (eds.), Digitalisierung der Arbeitswelten, SpringerNature. Springer VS, Wiesbaden 2024, pp. 181-202
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15844
Is There a Union Wage Premium in Germany and Which Workers Benefit Most?
Marina Bonaccolto-Töpfer, Claus Schnabel
published in: Economies, 2023, 11 (2), 50
IZA Discussion Paper No. 15112
Uncovered Workers in Plants Covered by Collective Bargaining: Who Are They and How Do They Fare?
Boris Hirsch, Philipp Lentge, Claus Schnabel
published in: British Journal of Industrial Relations, 2022, 60 (4), 929-945
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14873
Personnel Adjustments during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Did Co-Determination Make a Difference?
Daniel Fackler, Claus Schnabel, Jens Stegmaier
published in: Journal for Labour Market Research, 2024, 58, Article 4 (2024)
IZA Discussion Paper No. 14649
Digging into the Digital Divide: Workers' Exposure to Digitalization and Its Consequences for Individual Employment
Sabrina Genz, Claus Schnabel
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13576
Do Unions and Works Councils Really Dampen the Gender Pay Gap? Discordant Evidence from Germany
Michael Oberfichtner, Claus Schnabel, Marina Töpfer
published in: Economics Letters, 2020, 196, 109509
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13465
Union Membership and Collective Bargaining: Trends and Determinants
Claus Schnabel
published in: K. F. Zimmermann (ed.), Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics, Springer, Cham, 2020
IZA Discussion Paper No. 13033
Does Working at a Start-Up Pay Off?
Daniel Fackler, Lisa Hölscher, Claus Schnabel, Antje Weyh
published in: Small Business Economics, 2022, 58 (4), 2211-2233
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12767
Owners, External Managers, and Industrial Relations in German Establishments
Arnd Kölling, Claus Schnabel
substantially revised version published in: British Journal of Industrial Relations, 2022, 60 (2), 424-443
IZA Discussion Paper No. 12392
Questioning the Stereotype of the "Malingering Bureaucrat": Absence from Work in the Public and Private Sector in Germany
Stephanie Prümer, Claus Schnabel
published in: Kyklos, 2019, 72 (4), 570-603
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11747
Employment Adjustments Following Rises and Reductions in Minimum Wages: New Insights from a Survey Experiment
Mario Bossler, Michael Oberfichtner, Claus Schnabel
published in: Labour, 2020, 34 (3), 323-346
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11556
Do Startups Provide Employment Opportunities for Disadvantaged Workers?
Daniel Fackler, Michaela Fuchs, Lisa Hölscher, Claus Schnabel
published in: Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 2019, 72 (5), 1123-1148
IZA Discussion Paper No. 11064
The German Model of Industrial Relations: (Where) Does It Still Exist?
Michael Oberfichtner, Claus Schnabel
published in: Journal of Economics and Statistics (Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik), 2019, 239 (1), 5-37
IZA Discussion Paper No. 9015
Coming to Work While Sick: An Economic Theory of Presenteeism with an Application to German Data
Boris Hirsch, Daniel S. J. Lechmann, Claus Schnabel
published in: Oxford Economic Papers, 2017, 69 (4), 1010-1031
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8919
United, Yet Apart? A Note on Persistent Labour Market Differences between Western and Eastern Germany
Claus Schnabel
published in: Journal of Economics and Statistics (Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik), 2016, 236 (2), 157-180
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8317
The Levelling Effect of Product Market Competition on Gender Wage Discrimination
Boris Hirsch, Michael Oberfichtner, Claus Schnabel
published in: IZA Journal of Labor Economics, 2014, 3:19
IZA Discussion Paper No. 8242
Centralized vs. Decentralized Wage Formation: The Role of Firms' Production Technology
Boris Hirsch, Christian Merkl, Steffen Müller, Claus Schnabel
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7776
The Cyclical Behaviour of Employers' Monopsony Power and Workers' Wages
Boris Hirsch, Elke J. Jahn, Claus Schnabel
substantially revised version published as "Do employers have more monopsony power in slack labor markets?" in: Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 2018, 71(3), 676-704
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7756
Absence from Work of the Self-Employed: A Comparison with Paid Employees
Daniel S. J. Lechmann, Claus Schnabel
published in: Kyklos, 2014, 67 (3), 368-390
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7624
Wage Posting or Wage Bargaining? Evidence from the Employers' Side
Hanna Brenzel, Hermann Gartner, Claus Schnabel
published in: Labour Economics, 2014, 29, 41-48
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7542
Survival of Spinoffs and Other Startups: First Evidence for the Private Sector in Germany, 1976-2008
Daniel Fackler, Claus Schnabel
substantially revised version published as 'Spinoffs in Germany: Characteristics, Survival, and the Role of their Parents', in: Small Business Economics, 2016, 46 (1), 93-114 ( co-authored by Alexandra Schmucker,)
IZA Discussion Paper No. 7081
Lingering Illness or Sudden Death? Pre-Exit Employment Developments in German Establishments
Daniel Fackler, Claus Schnabel, Joachim Wagner
published in: Industrial and Corporate Change 2014, 23 (4), 1121-1140
IZA Discussion Paper No. 6792
Union Membership and Density: Some (Not So) Stylized Facts and Challenges
Claus Schnabel
published in: European Journal of Industrial Relations, 2013, 19 (3), 255-272
IZA Discussion Paper No. 6435
What Explains the Gender Earnings Gap in Self-Employment? A Decomposition Analysis with German Data
Daniel S. J. Lechmann, Claus Schnabel
published as 'Why is there a gender earnings gap in self-employment? A decomposition analysis with German data' in: IZA Journal of European Labor Studies, 2012, 1 (6)
IZA Discussion Paper No. 6349
Establishment Exits in Germany: The Role of Size and Age
Daniel Fackler, Claus Schnabel, Joachim Wagner
published in: Small Business Economics, 2013, 41 (3), 683-700
IZA Discussion Paper No. 6157
Are the Self-Employed Really Jacks-of-All-Trades? Testing the Assumptions and Implications of Lazear's Theory of Entrepreneurship with German Data
Daniel S. J. Lechmann, Claus Schnabel
published in: Small Business Economics, 2014, 42 (1), 59-76
IZA Discussion Paper No. 5875
Let's Take Bargaining Models Seriously: The Decline in Union Power in Germany, 1992-2009
Boris Hirsch, Claus Schnabel
substantially revised version published as 'What Can We Learn from Bargaining Models about Union Power? The Decline in Union Power in Germany, 1992-2009' in: Manchester School, 2014, 82 (3), 347-362
IZA Discussion Paper No. 5228
Wage Cyclicality under Different Regimes of Industrial Relations
Hermann Gartner, Thorsten Schank, Claus Schnabel
published in: Industrial Relations, 2013, 52 (2), 516-540
IZA Discussion Paper No. 5154
Women Move Differently: Job Separations and Gender
Boris Hirsch, Claus Schnabel
published in: Journal of Labor Research, 2012, 33 (4), 417-442
IZA Discussion Paper No. 4696
Low-Wage Careers: Are There Dead-End Firms and Dead-End Jobs?
Alexander Mosthaf, Claus Schnabel, Jens Stephani
published in: Zeitschrift für ArbeitsmarktForschung /Journal for Labour Market Research, 2011, 43 (3), 231-249
IZA Discussion Paper No. 4611
Low-Wage Employment versus Unemployment: Which One Provides Better Prospects for Women?
Alexander Mosthaf, Thorsten Schank, Claus Schnabel
published in: IZA Journal of European Labor Studies, 2014, 3:21
IZA Discussion Paper No. 4488
The Institutional Context of an "Empirical Law": The Wage Curve under Different Regimes of Collective Bargaining
Uwe Blien, Wolfgang Dauth, Thorsten Schank, Claus Schnabel
published in: British Journal of Industrial Relations, 2013, 51 (1), 59-79
IZA Discussion Paper No. 4278
Paying More than Necessary? The Wage Cushion in Germany
Sven Jung, Claus Schnabel
published in: Labour, 2011, 25 (2), 182-197
IZA Discussion Paper No. 4126
Works Councils and Separations: Voice, Monopoly, and Insurance Effects
Boris Hirsch, Thorsten Schank, Claus Schnabel
published in: Industrial Relations, 2010, 49 (4), 566-592
IZA Discussion Paper No. 3918
Worker Directors: A German Product that Didn't Export?
John T. Addison, Claus Schnabel
published in: Industrial Relations, 2011, 50 (2), 354-374
IZA Discussion Paper No. 3842
Union Membership and Age: The Inverted U-Shape Hypothesis under Test
Claus Schnabel, Joachim Wagner
published as 'With or Without U? Testing the Hypothesis of an Inverted U-Shaped Union Membership-Age Relationship' in: Contemporary Economics, 2012, 6 (4), 28-34
IZA Discussion Paper No. 3661
The Aging of the Unions in West Germany, 1980–2006
Claus Schnabel, Joachim Wagner
published in: Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik , 2008, 228 (5-6), 497-511
IZA Discussion Paper No. 3359
Higher Wages in Exporting Firms: Self-Selection, Export Effect, or Both? First Evidence from German Linked Employer-Employee Data
Thorsten Schank, Claus Schnabel, Joachim Wagner
published in: Review of World Economics, 2010, 146 (2), 303-322
IZA Discussion Paper No. 3353
Employment Stability of Entrants in Newly Founded Firms: A Matching Approach Using Linked Employer-Employee Data from Germany
Claus Schnabel, Susanne Kohaut, Udo Brixy
published in: Small Business Economics, 2011, 36(1), 85-100
IZA Discussion Paper No. 2443
Gender Differences in Labor Supply to Monopsonistic Firms: An Empirical Analysis Using Linked Employer-Employee Data from Germany
Boris Hirsch, Thorsten Schank, Claus Schnabel
substantially revised version published as "Differences in Labor Supply to Monopsonistic Firms and the Gender Pay Gap: An Empirical Analysis Using Linked Employer-Employee Data from Germany" in: Journal of Labor Economics, 2010, 28 (2), 291-330
IZA Discussion Paper No. 2388
The Persistent Decline in Unionization in Western and Eastern Germany, 1980-2004: What Can We Learn from a Decomposition Analysis?
Claus Schnabel, Joachim Wagner
published in: Industrielle Beziehungen, 2007, 14(2), 118-132
IZA Discussion Paper No. 2000
The (Parlous) State of German Unions
John T. Addison, Claus Schnabel, Joachim Wagner
published in: Journal of Labor Research, 2007, 28 (1), 3-18
IZA Discussion Paper No. 1658
Who Are the Workers Who Never Joined a Union? Empirical Evidence from Germany
Claus Schnabel, Joachim Wagner
published in: Industrielle Beziehungen, 2006, 13 (2), 118-131
IZA Discussion Paper No. 1473
Do Works Councils Inhibit Investment?
John T. Addison, Thorsten Schank, Claus Schnabel, Joachim Wagner
published in: Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 2007, 60 (2), 187-203
IZA Discussion Paper No. 1464
Determinants of Union Membership in 18 EU Countries: Evidence from Micro Data, 2002/03
Claus Schnabel, Joachim Wagner
published in: Industrial Relations Journal, 2007, 38 (1), 5-32
IZA Discussion Paper No. 1414
Works Councils, Labor Productivity and Plant Heterogeneity: Evidence from Quantile Regressions
Joachim Wagner, John T. Addison, Claus Schnabel, Thorsten Schank
published in: Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik , 2006, 226 (5), 505-518
IZA Discussion Paper No. 1185
Exporting Firms Do Not Pay Higher Wages, Ceteris Paribus. First Evidence from Linked Employer-Employee Data
Thorsten Schank, Claus Schnabel, Joachim Wagner
substantially revised version published as 'Do exporters really pay higher wages? First evidence from linked employer-employee data' in: Journal of International Economics, 2007, 72 (1), 52-74
IZA Discussion Paper No. 878
The Course of Research into the Economic Consequences of German Works Councils
John T. Addison, Claus Schnabel, Joachim Wagner
published in: British Journal of Industrial Relations, 2004, 42 (2), 255-281
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